1.7 Other Regional Kingdoms (Brief)

• Pallavas of Kanchi (c. 3rd–9th century CE, preceding/overlapping Cholas) — Mahendravarman I & Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) built the Shore Temple and rock-cut monuments at Mahabalipuram (Pancha Rathas); pioneers of Dravidian temple style; defeated by Chalukyas of Badami repeatedly (rivalry with Pulakesin II).
• Chalukyas of Badami (6th–8th century CE) — Pulakesin II famously defeated Harshavardhana on the Narmada (~ c. 618 CE), per the Aihole inscription of his court poet Ravikirti.
• Eastern Gangas of Odisha — built the Jagannath Temple, Puri and the Sun Temple, Konark (13th century, under Narasimhadeva I) — Konark temple built in the form of a giant chariot.
• Kakatiyas of Warangal (Andhra region, 12th–14th century) — Rudrama Devi (a rare woman ruler); later defeated by Delhi Sultanate forces (Malik Kafur/Muhammad bin Tughlaq).
• Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Karnataka, 11th–14th century) — built ornate temples at Belur and Halebidu.

Key Facts / Quick Revision Points

• Mahabalipuram monuments — Pallava dynasty (Narasimhavarman I).
• Aihole inscription — Ravikirti, court poet of Pulakesin II (Chalukya).
• Konark Sun Temple — Eastern Ganga dynasty, Narasimhadeva I.
• Belur, Halebidu temples — Hoysalas.

PART 2: ARAB AND TURKISH INVASIONS