5.4 Jahangir (1605–1627 CE)

Original name: Prince Salim; son of Akbar.
Known for love of justice — installed the "Zanjir-i-Adl" (Chain of Justice) outside his palace at Agra, which any aggrieved subject could ring to seek direct royal justice.
Married Mehr-un-Nisa, given the title "Nur Jahan" ("Light of the World") — she became extremely influential in court politics and administration during the later part of his reign (a powerful "Junta"/clique included Nur Jahan, her father Itimad-ud-Daulah, brother Asaf Khan, and Prince Khurram/Shah Jahan, until Khurram's rebellion).
Mewar submission: Under Jahangir, Rana Amar Singh I of Mewar finally submitted to Mughal suzerainty (1615 CE) — ending decades of Sisodia resistance since Akbar's time (though with honourable terms).
Faced a rebellion from his own son, Prince Khurram (later Shah Jahan), towards the end of his reign.
Executed the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, in 1606 CE (for allegedly supporting rebel prince Khusrau) — a significant event contributing to later Sikh militarization under subsequent Gurus.
Patron of Mughal painting — Jahangir's reign is considered the golden age of Mughal miniature painting (naturalistic depiction of flora, fauna, portraiture); noted painters included Ustad Mansur (famous for paintings of birds/animals, e.g., the Dodo bird, Zebra).
Wrote his own memoirs: "Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri" (in Persian) — valuable autobiographical source.
English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe visited Jahangir's court (1615–1619 CE), sent by King James I of England, seeking trading rights/concessions for the English East India Company — an important milestone in Anglo-Mughal relations, leading to English trading privileges/factories in India (e.g., Surat).
Died in 1627 CE; buried at Shahdara, near Lahore.

Key Facts / Quick Revision Points — Jahangir

Real name Salim; Zanjir-i-Adl (Chain of Justice).
Nur Jahan (Mehr-un-Nisa) — powerful queen.
Guru Arjan Dev executed 1606.
Sir Thomas Roe visited his court (1615-19), sent by James I.
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri — his memoirs.
Golden age of Mughal miniature painting (Ustad Mansur).