Revolutionary Nationalism — First Phase & Activities Abroad

Why This Chapter Matters

Revolutionary nationalism is one of the most question-dense pockets of Modern History for SSC and RRB. Examiners love it because it is full of exact, checkable facts: who founded which secret society, who threw which bomb, which case followed, and who defended whom in court. In a typical SSC CGL/CHSL cycle you can expect 1–2 questions from this chapter in the GA section, and RRB NTPC has repeatedly asked about the Ghadar Party, the Alipore Bomb Case and the Chapekar brothers. Banking exams touch it less often, but static GK quizzes pick from it regularly.

The sub-topics that repeat most are: Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar (founders and years), Khudiram Bose and the Muzaffarpur incident of 1908, Savarkar and Abhinav Bharat, Shyamji Krishna Varma's India House, Madam Bhikaji Cama's flag at Stuttgart (1907), the Ghadar Party (1913, San Francisco), the Komagata Maru episode (1914), and the Provisional Government of India at Kabul (1915). This chapter covers the first phase of revolutionary activity, roughly 1897 to 1918, inside India and abroad. The second phase (HRA, Kakori, Bhagat Singh, Chittagong) comes in Chapter 19; do not mix the two phases in your revision.

1. Why Revolutionary Nationalism Rose

The revolutionary stream grew out of the failure of both the Moderates and the mass phase of the Swadeshi Movement. Young men who had boycotted schools and picketed shops in 1905–07 saw the movement lose steam after the Surat Split (1907) and after the government jailed or deported the Extremist leaders (Tilak was sentenced to six years in 1908 and sent to Mandalay). With open political channels blocked, a section of educated youth turned to secret societies, arms and individual assassination of unpopular officials.

Their method was not mass revolution. First-phase revolutionaries believed in:

• Assassinating hated British officials to strike terror and inspire the public.
• Looting government treasuries and trains to fund arms (called swadeshi dacoities).
• Secret societies with physical training, oaths, and religious-nationalist literature (Bankim Chandra's Anandamath and the hymn Vande Mataram were major inspirations, along with the Bhagavad Gita).
• Seeking foreign help, especially after World War I began in 1914.

A very early precursor deserves one line: Vasudev Balwant Phadke, who raised the Ramosi peasants of Maharashtra against the British in 1879, is often called the father of armed revolt in modern Maharashtra. SSC has used his name in match-the-pair questions.

2. The Chapekar Brothers — Poona, 1897

The first political assassination of the modern period came in Poona (Pune) on 22 June 1897. During the plague epidemic, the Plague Commissioner of Poona, W.C. Rand, ran house searches that the public found harsh and insulting. The brothers Damodar Hari Chapekar and Balkrishna Hari Chapekar shot Rand and his military escort Lieutenant Ayerst on the night of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. All three Chapekar brothers (the third was Vasudeo) were eventually hanged (1898–99).

Remember the linked fact: in the crackdown that followed, Tilak was tried for sedition in 1897 for his writings in Kesari and jailed for eighteen months. Exams often pair "Rand murder 1897" with "Tilak's first sedition trial".

3. Bengal — Anushilan Samiti, Jugantar and the Alipore Case

3.1 Anushilan Samiti (1902)

Bengal became the main centre of revolutionary activity. The Anushilan Samiti was founded in Calcutta in 1902 by Satish Chandra Basu, with the barrister Pramathanath Mitra (P. Mitra) as its head. It began as a physical-culture club (akhara) and slowly turned into a secret revolutionary body. A separate and more aggressive branch, the Dacca Anushilan Samiti, was organised by Pulin Behari Das in 1906 in East Bengal; it grew into a network of hundreds of branches.

3.2 Jugantar (1906)

In 1906, the more militant members around Barindra Kumar Ghosh (younger brother of Aurobindo Ghosh) and Bhupendranath Dutta (younger brother of Swami Vivekananda) started the Bengali weekly Yugantar (Jugantar). The paper openly preached armed revolt, and the group around it came to be called the Jugantar party. Their bomb factory operated from a garden house at Maniktala, Calcutta.

Two other papers you must know from this stream: Sandhya, edited by Brahmabandhab Upadhyay, and Aurobindo's English daily Bande Mataram (1906), which carried the extremist message.

3.3 Muzaffarpur, 30 April 1908 — Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki

The Jugantar group decided to kill Douglas Kingsford, the unpopular Presidency Magistrate of Calcutta who had ordered the flogging of young political workers. By then Kingsford had been transferred to Muzaffarpur (Bihar). On 30 April 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb at what they believed was Kingsford's carriage. The carriage actually carried Mrs and Miss Kennedy, the wife and daughter of a barrister; both died. Prafulla Chaki shot himself when cornered at Mokama station. Khudiram Bose was tried and hanged on 11 August 1908, aged about 18, becoming one of the youngest martyrs of the freedom struggle. RRB has asked his age and the date more than once.

3.4 The Alipore Bomb Case (1908–09)

Police raids after Muzaffarpur uncovered the Maniktala bomb factory. The resulting trial, the Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case (1908–09), put Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Ghosh, Ullaskar Dutta and about three dozen others in the dock. Key facts:

• Chittaranjan Das (C.R. Das) defended Aurobindo Ghosh, who was acquitted in 1909. This "who defended Aurobindo" question is an SSC favourite.
• Barindra Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutta were sentenced to death, later commuted to transportation for life to the Cellular Jail, Andamans.
• The approver Naren Gosain (Narendranath Goswami) was shot dead inside Alipore jail by Kanailal Dutta and Satyendranath Bose (1908); both were hanged.
• After his acquittal Aurobindo started two journals, Karmayogin (English) and Dharma (Bengali), and in 1910 left politics for Pondicherry.

3.5 After Alipore — Howrah case and Bagha Jatin

The Howrah Gang Case (1910) targeted the Jugantar network; Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin) was among those arrested, though the conspiracy charge failed. Bagha Jatin later led the German arms plot in Bengal during World War I. On 9 September 1915 he died after a gunfight with police at Balasore, Odisha, where he and his comrades had gone to receive German arms that never reached them. His famous line, "We shall die to awaken the nation", appears in quizzes.

Also from Bengal's ledger: the barrah dacoity (1908) in Dacca, an early swadeshi dacoity by the Dacca Anushilan Samiti.

4. Maharashtra — Savarkar, Mitra Mela and Abhinav Bharat

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar founded a secret society called Mitra Mela at Nasik in 1899 (with his brother Ganesh Damodar Savarkar). In 1904 it was renamed Abhinav Bharat, after Mazzini's "Young Italy". Savarkar went to London in 1906 on a scholarship arranged through Shyamji Krishna Varma and worked from India House (Section 5). His book The Indian War of Independence, 1857 (published 1909) called the 1857 revolt a national war; the book was banned before publication and smuggled into India.

The Nasik Conspiracy Case (1909–10) arose after Anant Laxman Kanhere shot dead A.M.T. Jackson, the District Magistrate of Nasik, on 21 December 1909, with a pistol traced to the Abhinav Bharat network. Kanhere was hanged. Ganesh Savarkar had already been transported for life in 1909 for publishing seditious material.

Savarkar himself was arrested in London in 1910. While being shipped to India, he made his famous escape attempt at Marseilles (France), jumping from the porthole of the ship and swimming ashore; he was recaptured, and the incident went to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, which ruled in Britain's favour. Savarkar got two life sentences (50 years) and reached the Cellular Jail in 1911.

5. Madras Presidency — Vanchinathan (1911)

The south had one headline event in this phase. On 17 June 1911, Vanchinathan (Vanchi Iyer) shot dead Robert Ashe, the District Collector of Tirunelveli, at Maniyachi railway station, and then shot himself. The act was linked to the repression of the swadeshi shipping venture of V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, who had floated the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company (1906) at Tuticorin and been jailed. V.V.S. Aiyar, working from Pondicherry, was the mentor of this circle.

6. Delhi — The Hardinge Bomb Case (1912)

When the capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, Viceroy Lord Hardinge II made a state entry into Delhi on an elephant on 23 December 1912. A bomb was thrown at him in Chandni Chowk; Hardinge was wounded, and an attendant died. The plan was the work of Rash Behari Bose, with Basanta Kumar Biswas throwing the bomb (some accounts say in disguise as a woman). In the Delhi Conspiracy Case, Basanta Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand and Awadh Behari were hanged (1915). Rash Behari Bose escaped, organised the 1915 Ghadar plan (Section 9), and finally fled to Japan in 1915 under the alias of Raja P.N. Tagore, where decades later he handed the Indian National Army idea to Subhas Bose (Chapter 22).

7. Revolutionaries Abroad — London and Paris

7.1 Shyamji Krishna Varma and India House, London

Shyamji Krishna Varma set up three things in London in 1905, and exams ask all three:

Set up in 1905 (London)	What it was
India House	Hostel-cum-centre for Indian students at Highgate
Indian Home Rule Society	Political body demanding self-rule
The Indian Sociologist	Monthly journal, motto from Herbert Spencer

India House became the nursery of revolutionaries: V.D. Savarkar, Madan Lal Dhingra, V.V.S. Aiyar, Lala Har Dayal and Madam Cama all passed through its orbit. Facing police pressure, Krishna Varma shifted to Paris in 1907 and later to Geneva, where he died in 1930.

On 1 July 1909, Madan Lal Dhingra shot dead Sir William Curzon Wyllie, political ADC at the India Office, at the Imperial Institute in London. Dhingra was hanged in August 1909. This is the most asked "assassination abroad" fact in this chapter.

7.2 Madam Bhikaji Cama and Paris

Madam Bhikaji Rustom Cama, a Parsi revolutionary, worked from Paris with Sardar Singh Rana and Munchershah Burjorji Godrej (the "Paris Indian Society", 1905). Her two headline facts:

• At the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart, Germany, in August 1907, she unfurled an early version of the Indian national flag (green, saffron/yellow and red bands with Vande Mataram written on it). She is called the Mother of the Indian Revolution.
• She brought out the journal Bande Mataram from Paris (with support from the Geneva/Paris circle) and later Madan's Talwar in memory of Madan Lal Dhingra.

8. The Ghadar Party (1913) and the Komagata Maru (1914)

8.1 Formation

Punjabi migrants (mostly Sikh farmers and ex-soldiers) on the Pacific coast of the USA and Canada faced racial discrimination and immigration bars. Out of their associations grew the Ghadar Party, founded in 1913 at San Francisco (organised initially as the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association, with its base at the Yugantar Ashram). Know the office-bearers cold:

• President: Sohan Singh Bhakna
• Secretary / moving spirit: Lala Har Dayal
• Other leaders: Kartar Singh Sarabha, Barkatullah, Bhai Parmanand, Ram Chandra, Taraknath Das (Taraknath Das had earlier started the journal Free Hindusthan from Vancouver).

The party's weekly paper Ghadar (meaning "revolt", named after 1857) first appeared on 1 November 1913, in Urdu and Gurmukhi. Its masthead read "Angrezi Raj ka Dushman" (enemy of British rule). The party's declared aim was to overthrow British rule in India by armed rebellion.

8.2 Komagata Maru, 1914

The Komagata Maru was a Japanese ship chartered by Baba Gurdit Singh to carry 376 Indian passengers (mostly Sikhs) from East Asia to Vancouver, Canada. Canada's "continuous journey" immigration rule was used to refuse them entry, and after a two-month standoff (May–July 1914) the ship was forced back. It reached Budge Budge, near Calcutta, on 27 September 1914. Police tried to force the passengers onto a train to Punjab; firing broke out, and about 19–20 passengers were killed. The episode enraged the Punjabi diaspora and pushed thousands of Ghadarites to sail for India as World War I began.

8.3 The Ghadar plan of February 1915

With Britain at war, some 8,000 Ghadarites returned to India to trigger a mutiny in the army. Rash Behari Bose and Sachindranath Sanyal coordinated from inside India, with the young Kartar Singh Sarabha as the field organiser and Vishnu Ganesh Pingle working in the Punjab cantonments. The rising was fixed for 21 February 1915, and then advanced to 19 February; but the police informer Kirpal Singh had penetrated the group, and the plan collapsed in mass arrests.

The Lahore Conspiracy Case (1915) followed: Kartar Singh Sarabha was hanged on 16 November 1915, aged 19. Vishnu Ganesh Pingle was also hanged. Bhagat Singh later called Sarabha his guru and kept his photograph. Abroad, the linked Hindu-German Conspiracy trial at San Francisco (1917–18) prosecuted Ghadar leaders in the USA; Ram Chandra was shot dead in the courtroom itself (1918).

One related army event: on 15 February 1915, sepoys of the 5th Light Infantry mutinied at Singapore; the rising was crushed and dozens were executed.

9. The Berlin Committee and the Kabul Provisional Government

9.1 Berlin Committee (1915)

Germany, at war with Britain, funded Indian revolutionaries. The Indian Independence Committee at Berlin (the Berlin Committee) was formed in 1915 by Virendranath Chattopadhyaya ("Chatto", brother of Sarojini Naidu), Bhupendranath Dutta, Lala Har Dayal and others, with German Foreign Office support under the broader "Zimmermann Plan". Its aims: send arms and trained men to India, incite Indian soldiers abroad, and coordinate with Ghadarites.

The main arms scheme failed: the ships Annie Larsen and Maverick, carrying German-purchased arms for the Bengal revolutionaries, never delivered their cargo, and the failure led to Bagha Jatin's last stand at Balasore (September 1915).

9.2 Provisional Government of India, Kabul (1 December 1915)

An Indo-German-Turkish mission travelled to Afghanistan and set up the Provisional Government of India at Kabul on 1 December 1915. Memorise the cabinet, it is a direct question:

• President: Raja Mahendra Pratap
• Prime Minister: Maulana Barkatullah
• Home/Interior Minister: Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi

Obaidullah Sindhi was also linked to the Silk Letter Conspiracy (1916), in which Deobandi leaders (Mahmud Hasan of the "Reshmi Rumal" plot) sought Turkish and Afghan help; the letters written on silk were intercepted.

10. Government Response and the End of the First Phase

The state answered the revolutionaries with special laws. Keep this small table ready:

Year	Law	Purpose
1908	Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act	Seize presses publishing incitement
1908	Explosive Substances Act	Punish making/possessing bombs
1908	Criminal Law (Amendment) Act	Ban associations, speedy trials
1910	Indian Press Act	Security deposits from presses
1915	Defence of India Act	Wartime detention without trial
1919	Rowlatt Act	Continue wartime powers in peace (Chapter 15)

By 1918 the first phase had burnt out. Its leaders were hanged, jailed in the Cellular Jail, or in exile; the Defence of India Act (1915) crippled the networks; and after the war, Gandhi's mass movements pulled the young generation toward non-violent struggle. Many detenus were released after the Royal Proclamation of December 1919. The revolutionary stream revived only after Non-Cooperation was withdrawn in 1922, which is where Chapter 19 (HRA, Kakori, Bhagat Singh) picks up the story. Note for the exam: Kakori (1925) belongs to the second phase, not this one.

Why did the first phase fail? The societies were small and secret, with no mass base; they depended on individual heroism and foreign help that never arrived on time; police informers repeatedly broke the plans (Naren Gosain in Bengal, Kirpal Singh in Punjab). But they created martyrs whose names, Khudiram, Sarabha, Dhingra, kept the temperature of nationalism high.

Quick Revision — One-Line Facts

• Vasudev Balwant Phadke led the Ramosi rising in Maharashtra, 1879.
• Chapekar brothers shot Plague Commissioner Rand and Lt Ayerst at Poona, 22 June 1897.
• Anushilan Samiti founded at Calcutta, 1902; founder Satish Chandra Basu, head P. Mitra.
• Dacca Anushilan Samiti organised by Pulin Behari Das, 1906.
• Weekly Yugantar started 1906 by Barindra Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutta.
• Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw the Muzaffarpur bomb, 30 April 1908; target was magistrate Kingsford; the Kennedy ladies died.
• Khudiram Bose was hanged on 11 August 1908, aged about 18.
• Alipore Bomb Case (1908–09): Aurobindo Ghosh acquitted; defended by C.R. Das.
• Approver Naren Gosain was shot in jail by Kanailal Dutta and Satyendranath Bose, 1908.
• Aurobindo's post-acquittal journals: Karmayogin (English) and Dharma (Bengali); he left for Pondicherry, 1910.
• Bagha Jatin (Jatindranath Mukherjee) died at Balasore, September 1915, awaiting German arms.
• Mitra Mela (1899) became Abhinav Bharat (1904), founded by V.D. Savarkar.
• Savarkar wrote The Indian War of Independence, 1857 (1909) and attempted escape at Marseilles, 1910.
• Nasik Conspiracy Case: Anant Kanhere shot Collector Jackson, December 1909.
• Vanchinathan shot Collector Ashe at Maniyachi station, Tirunelveli, 1911.
• Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge at Chandni Chowk, Delhi, 23 December 1912; planner Rash Behari Bose, thrower Basanta Kumar Biswas.
• Shyamji Krishna Varma founded India House, the Indian Home Rule Society and The Indian Sociologist in London, 1905.
• Madan Lal Dhingra shot Curzon Wyllie in London, 1 July 1909.
• Madam Bhikaji Cama unfurled the flag at Stuttgart, 1907; ran the paper Bande Mataram from Paris.
• Ghadar Party founded 1913, San Francisco; President Sohan Singh Bhakna, guiding spirit Lala Har Dayal.
• The paper Ghadar first appeared on 1 November 1913.
• Komagata Maru, chartered by Gurdit Singh, was turned back from Vancouver; firing at Budge Budge, 27 September 1914.
• Ghadar rising fixed for 21 February 1915; betrayed by informer Kirpal Singh.
• Kartar Singh Sarabha hanged 16 November 1915, aged 19; Bhagat Singh's hero.
• Singapore Mutiny of the 5th Light Infantry, February 1915.
• Berlin Committee (1915): Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Bhupendranath Dutta, Har Dayal; German "Zimmermann Plan".
• Provisional Government of India, Kabul, 1 December 1915: President Raja Mahendra Pratap, PM Barkatullah, Home Minister Obaidullah Sindhi.
• Silk Letter Conspiracy, 1916 (Obaidullah Sindhi, Mahmud Hasan).
• Defence of India Act, 1915 was the main wartime law used against revolutionaries.
• Kakori (1925), HRA and Bhagat Singh belong to the second phase, covered in Chapter 19.

Memory Tables

Table 1: Year → Event

Year	Event
1897	Chapekar brothers kill Rand and Ayerst at Poona
1899	Savarkar founds Mitra Mela at Nasik
1902	Anushilan Samiti founded at Calcutta
1904	Mitra Mela renamed Abhinav Bharat
1905	India House, Indian Home Rule Society, The Indian Sociologist (London)
1906	Yugantar weekly started; Dacca Anushilan Samiti organised
1907	Madam Cama unfurls flag at Stuttgart
1908	Muzaffarpur bomb (30 April); Alipore Bomb Case begins
1909	Dhingra shoots Curzon Wyllie (London); Kanhere shoots Jackson (Nasik)
1910	Savarkar's Marseilles escape attempt; Howrah Gang Case
1911	Vanchinathan shoots Ashe (Tirunelveli)
1912	Bomb attack on Lord Hardinge at Delhi (23 December)
1913	Ghadar Party founded at San Francisco; Ghadar paper (1 November)
1914	Komagata Maru turned back; Budge Budge firing (27 September)
1915	Ghadar rising betrayed (February); Lahore Conspiracy Case; Bagha Jatin dies at Balasore; Berlin Committee; Kabul Provisional Government (1 December); Defence of India Act
1916	Silk Letter Conspiracy

Table 2: Person → Association / Act

Person	Known for
Damodar & Balkrishna Chapekar	Killed Rand, Poona 1897
Satish Chandra Basu / P. Mitra	Anushilan Samiti, 1902
Pulin Behari Das	Dacca Anushilan Samiti, 1906
Barindra Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutta	Yugantar weekly, 1906
Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki	Muzaffarpur bomb, 1908
C.R. Das	Defence lawyer of Aurobindo, Alipore case
Kanailal Dutta	Shot approver Naren Gosain in jail, 1908
Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin)	Jugantar leader; died at Balasore, 1915
V.D. Savarkar	Abhinav Bharat; The Indian War of Independence, 1857
Anant Laxman Kanhere	Shot Collector Jackson, Nasik 1909
Vanchinathan	Shot Collector Ashe, Tirunelveli 1911
Rash Behari Bose	Hardinge bomb plan 1912; Ghadar rising 1915; fled to Japan
Basanta Kumar Biswas	Threw the bomb at Hardinge, 1912
Shyamji Krishna Varma	India House, Indian Sociologist, London 1905
Madan Lal Dhingra	Shot Curzon Wyllie, London 1909
Madam Bhikaji Cama	Flag at Stuttgart 1907; Bande Mataram (Paris)
Sohan Singh Bhakna	First President, Ghadar Party 1913
Lala Har Dayal	Moving spirit of Ghadar; later Berlin Committee
Kartar Singh Sarabha	Ghadar rising; hanged 1915 at 19
Gurdit Singh	Chartered the Komagata Maru, 1914
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya	Berlin Committee, 1915
Raja Mahendra Pratap	President, Kabul Provisional Government 1915
Barkatullah	PM, Kabul Provisional Government 1915
Obaidullah Sindhi	Home Minister, Kabul; Silk Letter Conspiracy

Table 3: Organisation / Paper → Founder & Year

Organisation / Paper	Founder(s)	Year & Place
Mitra Mela → Abhinav Bharat	V.D. & G.D. Savarkar	1899 → 1904, Nasik
Anushilan Samiti	Satish Chandra Basu (head: P. Mitra)	1902, Calcutta
Yugantar (weekly)	Barindra Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutta	1906, Calcutta
India House	Shyamji Krishna Varma	1905, London
The Indian Sociologist	Shyamji Krishna Varma	1905, London
Free Hindusthan	Taraknath Das	1908, Vancouver
Ghadar Party & Ghadar paper	Sohan Singh Bhakna, Lala Har Dayal	1913, San Francisco
Bande Mataram (Paris)	Madam Bhikaji Cama circle	1909, Paris/Geneva
Berlin Committee	Virendranath Chattopadhyaya & others	1915, Berlin

Practice MCQs

Q1. Who founded the Anushilan Samiti at Calcutta in 1902? (a) Barindra Kumar Ghosh (b) Satish Chandra Basu (c) Pulin Behari Das (d) Jatindranath Mukherjee

Q2. The Chapekar brothers assassinated Plague Commissioner Rand in 1897 at which place? (a) Bombay (b) Nasik (c) Poona (d) Satara

Q3. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb at Muzaffarpur in 1908 intending to kill which official? (a) Magistrate Kingsford (b) Collector Jackson (c) Curzon Wyllie (d) Collector Ashe

Q4. Who defended Aurobindo Ghosh in the Alipore Bomb Case? (a) Motilal Nehru (b) Bhulabhai Desai (c) Tej Bahadur Sapru (d) Chittaranjan Das

Q5. The Ghadar Party was founded in 1913 at: (a) Vancouver (b) San Francisco (c) Berlin (d) Tokyo

Q6. Who unfurled an early version of the Indian national flag at the International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart, in 1907? (a) Annie Besant (b) Sarojini Naidu (c) Bhikaji Cama (d) Sister Nivedita

Q7. Madan Lal Dhingra shot dead which British official in London in 1909? (a) Michael O'Dwyer (b) Curzon Wyllie (c) W.C. Rand (d) Lord Hardinge

Q8. The ship Komagata Maru was chartered by: (a) Sohan Singh Bhakna (b) Baba Gurdit Singh (c) Kartar Singh Sarabha (d) Bhai Parmanand

Q9. Who was the President of the Provisional Government of India set up at Kabul in December 1915? (a) Barkatullah (b) Obaidullah Sindhi (c) Raja Mahendra Pratap (d) Lala Har Dayal

Q10. Match the pairs:

1. Abhinav Bharat — A. Pulin Behari Das
2. Dacca Anushilan Samiti — B. V.D. Savarkar
3. India House — C. Taraknath Das
4. Free Hindusthan — D. Shyamji Krishna Varma (a) 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C (b) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D (c) 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D (d) 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C

Q11. Arrange the following events in chronological order:

1. Muzaffarpur bomb incident
2. Chapekar brothers kill Rand
3. Komagata Maru reaches Budge Budge
4. Bomb attack on Lord Hardinge in Delhi (a) 2, 1, 4, 3 (b) 1, 2, 4, 3 (c) 2, 4, 1, 3 (d) 2, 1, 3, 4

Q12. The weekly paper Ghadar, first published on 1 November 1913, carried which line on its masthead? (a) Vande Mataram (b) Angrezi Raj ka Dushman (c) Inquilab Zindabad (d) Swaraj is my birthright

Q13. Which of the following statements about Kartar Singh Sarabha is NOT correct? (a) He was a key organiser of the planned Ghadar rising of February 1915 (b) He was hanged in the Lahore Conspiracy Case in November 1915 (c) He was the first President of the Ghadar Party (d) Bhagat Singh regarded him as his hero

Q14. Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin) died in an encounter with the police in September 1915 at: (a) Chittagong (b) Balasore (c) Budge Budge (d) Dacca

Q15. Consider the following statements about V.D. Savarkar:

1. He founded the secret society Mitra Mela, later renamed Abhinav Bharat.
2. He wrote the book The Indian War of Independence, 1857.
3. He attempted to escape from a ship at the port of Marseilles in 1910. Which of the statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer Key

Q	Answer	One-line reason
1	(b)	Satish Chandra Basu founded it in 1902; P. Mitra headed it
2	(c)	Rand and Ayerst were shot at Poona on 22 June 1897
3	(a)	Target was Magistrate Kingsford; the Kennedy ladies died instead
4	(d)	C.R. Das defended Aurobindo, who was acquitted in 1909
5	(b)	Founded at San Francisco, USA, in 1913
6	(c)	Madam Bhikaji Cama, at Stuttgart, August 1907
7	(b)	Sir William Curzon Wyllie, at the Imperial Institute, 1 July 1909
8	(b)	Baba Gurdit Singh chartered the Japanese ship in 1914
9	(c)	Raja Mahendra Pratap was President; Barkatullah was PM
10	(a)	Savarkar-Abhinav Bharat; Das-Dacca Samiti; Varma-India House; Das (Taraknath)-Free Hindusthan
11	(a)	1897 → 1908 → 1912 → 1914
12	(b)	The masthead read "Angrezi Raj ka Dushman"
13	(c)	The first President was Sohan Singh Bhakna, not Sarabha
14	(b)	He died after a gunfight at Balasore, Odisha
15	(d)	All three statements are correct