Swarajists, Simon Commission & the Nehru Report

Why This Chapter Matters

The years 1922 to 1929 sit between two mass movements, Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience. Exams love this gap period because it is packed with small, sharply datable events: the Gaya session, the birth of the Swaraj Party, the Muddiman Committee, the all-white Simon Commission, the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, the Nehru Report, Jinnah's Fourteen Points, the Bardoli Satyagraha and the Purna Swaraj resolution at Lahore. Each of these is a one-line fact, and one-line facts are exactly what SSC and RRB test.

Expect 1 to 2 questions from this chapter in a typical SSC CGL or RRB NTPC General Awareness section. The most repeated askings: who founded the Swaraj Party and when, why the Simon Commission was boycotted, who chaired the Nehru Report committee, who gave the Fourteen Points, who led Bardoli, and which session declared Purna Swaraj under whose presidency. Learn the year with every name. That alone converts this chapter into easy marks.

1. After Non-Cooperation: Pro-Changers vs No-Changers

Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident (5 February 1922). He was arrested in March 1922 and sentenced to six years. The Congress suddenly had no programme and no leader on the ground. Two camps formed inside the party over one question: should Congressmen contest elections and enter the legislative councils created by the Government of India Act, 1919?

• Pro-changers (Swarajists): Led by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. Their argument: the boycott of councils had failed to end them, so Congressmen should enter the councils and wreck them from within, "end or mend" the reforms. Obstruction inside, they said, was a continuation of non-cooperation, not a surrender.
• No-changers: Led by C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and M.A. Ansari. Their argument: council entry would pull workers away from constructive work (khadi, national schools, Hindu-Muslim unity, anti-untouchability) and dull the spirit of mass struggle.

The Gaya Session, December 1922

The dispute came to a head at the Gaya session of the Congress (December 1922), presided over by C.R. Das himself. The president moved the council-entry proposal, and the session rejected it. The no-changers won the vote. C.R. Das resigned the Congress presidency in protest. This is a favourite exam fact: the president whose own proposal was defeated at his own session.

Formation of the Swaraj Party, 1 January 1923

Das and Motilal Nehru did not leave the Congress. On 1 January 1923, at Allahabad, they founded the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party, commonly the Swaraj Party, as a group within the Congress.

Post	Person
President	C.R. Das
Secretary	Motilal Nehru

Other prominent Swarajists: Vithalbhai Patel, N.C. Kelkar, Madan Mohan Malaviya (associated in the councils, later a Responsivist).

The Delhi Special Session, September 1923

To avoid a split, a special session of the Congress at Delhi in September 1923 permitted Congressmen to contest the coming elections. Its president was Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, who at 35 became the youngest president of the Indian National Congress. SSC has asked the "youngest Congress president" fact repeatedly; anchor it to this Delhi special session. The compromise was completed at the Belgaum session (1924), the only Congress session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi, where Gandhi accepted the Swarajist programme as legitimate.

2. The Swaraj Party in the Legislatures

Election performance, November 1923

In the November 1923 elections, the Swaraj Party did well for a new party:

• Won 42 of the 101 elected seats in the Central Legislative Assembly.
• Won a clear majority in the Central Provinces.
• Emerged as the largest party in Bengal.
• Did reasonably in Bombay and UP; performed poorly in Madras and Punjab, where non-Brahmin (Justice Party) and communal politics were strong.

Motilal Nehru led the party in the Central Legislative Assembly. With allies such as M.A. Jinnah's Independents and Malaviya's group, the Swarajists could outvote the government on many occasions.

What the Swarajists achieved

• Repeatedly defeated the government in votes on budgetary grants and legislative proposals; the Viceroy had to use his special powers of certification to push measures through, which exposed the hollowness of the 1919 reforms.
• Forced the government to appoint the Muddiman Committee (1924) to review dyarchy (next section).
• In 1925, Vithalbhai Patel was elected President (Speaker) of the Central Legislative Assembly, the first Indian to hold the post.
• In 1928, the Assembly, with Swarajist effort, defeated the Public Safety Bill, which sought powers to deport "undesirable" foreigners (aimed at communists).
• Filled the political vacuum of 1922–27 and kept nationalist morale alive through fiery speeches inside the house.

Decline of the Swaraj Party

• C.R. Das died on 16 June 1925. His death removed the party's strongest leader and its bridge to Bengal politics.
• The party split between Responsivists, who wanted to cooperate with the government and hold office (Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malaviya, N.C. Kelkar), and the main faction under Motilal Nehru that stuck to obstruction.
• Communal pressures after 1925 pulled members in different directions. The party lost ground in the 1926 elections and gradually merged its energies back into the mainstream Congress as the Simon Commission agitation began in 1927–28.

3. The Muddiman Committee, 1924

The government responded to Swarajist pressure by setting up the Reforms Enquiry Committee in 1924 under the Home Member Sir Alexander Muddiman, to examine the working of dyarchy under the Government of India Act, 1919. Indian members included Tej Bahadur Sapru and M.A. Jinnah.

The committee gave two reports:

• Majority report: dyarchy had only minor defects; small adjustments were enough.
• Minority report (signed by the Indian members, including Jinnah and Sapru): dyarchy had failed and the constitution itself needed overhaul.

The Swarajists rejected the majority report. The demand for a full constitutional review is what eventually produced the Simon Commission.

4. The Simon Commission

Appointment, November 1927

The Government of India Act, 1919 had promised a review of the reforms after ten years, that is, by 1929. The Conservative government of Britain, fearing a Labour victory in the next election, appointed the review body two years early. On 8 November 1927, the Indian Statutory Commission was announced under Sir John Simon. It had seven members, all British Members of Parliament, and not a single Indian. One member was Clement Attlee, later the Prime Minister under whom India became independent. The Secretary of State for India at the time was Lord Birkenhead, and the Viceroy was Lord Irwin.

Why the boycott

The all-white composition was read as a statement that Indians were unfit to frame or even discuss their own constitution. The insult united almost the whole political spectrum.

• The Congress, at its Madras session (December 1927) presided over by M.A. Ansari, resolved to boycott the Commission "at every stage and in every form". The same Madras session also passed, for the first time, a resolution on complete independence moved by Jawaharlal Nehru, though it remained a paper declaration until Lahore 1929.
• The Muslim League split over the question: the faction under M.A. Jinnah supported boycott; the faction under Sir Muhammad Shafi favoured cooperation.
• The Hindu Mahasabha and the Liberals also boycotted.
• Parties that cooperated with the Commission: the Justice Party in Madras, the Unionist Party in Punjab, and some depressed-classes representatives (B.R. Ambedkar gave evidence before it).

The agitation, 1928

The Commission landed at Bombay on 3 February 1928. It was greeted with a countrywide hartal, black flags and the slogan "Simon Go Back", credited to Yusuf Meherally. Wherever the seven members went, demonstrations followed.

Lathi charge at Lahore and the death of Lala Lajpat Rai

On 30 October 1928, the Commission reached Lahore. A protest procession led by Lala Lajpat Rai was lathi-charged by police under Superintendent James A. Scott. Lajpat Rai was struck on the chest. He declared, in words every exam quotes, that "every blow aimed at me will prove a nail in the coffin of British imperialism." He died on 17 November 1928.

To avenge his death, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Chandra Shekhar Azad shot dead Assistant Superintendent J.P. Saunders at Lahore on 17 December 1928, mistaking him for Scott. (The full revolutionary story belongs to Chapter 19; remember the link here.) In Lucknow, Jawaharlal Nehru and Govind Ballabh Pant were also beaten in anti-Simon demonstrations.

Report of the Commission

The Simon Commission submitted its report in 1930. It recommended abolition of dyarchy, responsible government in the provinces, and a federation of British India and the princely states, but said nothing about dominion status. By then no Indian party cared; the report fed into the Round Table Conferences and, later, the Government of India Act, 1935.

5. The Nehru Report, 1928

Birkenhead's challenge

Secretary of State Lord Birkenhead taunted Indian leaders (first in 1925, repeated in 1927) to produce an agreed constitution of their own, betting that they could not. Indian parties took up the challenge.

The All Parties Conference and the committee

An All Parties Conference met in February 1928 (Delhi) and, in its May 1928 sitting at Bombay, appointed a drafting committee.

Role	Name
Chairman	Motilal Nehru
Secretary	Jawaharlal Nehru
Members	Tej Bahadur Sapru, Sir Ali Imam, M.S. Aney, Sardar Mangal Singh, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose, G.R. Pradhan

The committee submitted its report on 28 August 1928 at the Lucknow session of the All Parties Conference. The Nehru Report was the first attempt by Indians to draft a constitutional framework for India.

Main recommendations

• Dominion status for India, on the model of self-governing colonies, as the immediate goal (not complete independence).
• Joint electorates in place of separate electorates, with reservation of seats for Muslims at the Centre and in provinces where they were a minority (but not in Punjab and Bengal, where they were a majority).
• A declaration of fundamental rights (nineteen rights, including equality before law and freedom of expression), the first such Indian enumeration.
• Responsible government at the Centre and in provinces; a bicameral central legislature.
• Linguistic reorganisation of provinces.
• Separation of the state from religion; no state religion.
• Full protection of the cultural and religious interests of minorities.
• Sindh to be separated from Bombay; full responsible government for the North-West Frontier Province.

Objections and the parting of the ways

• Inside the Congress, the younger wing, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose, objected to dominion status and demanded complete independence. They formed the Independence for India League (1928) to press the point.
• At the All Parties Convention at Calcutta (December 1928), M.A. Jinnah proposed amendments: one-third Muslim representation in the central legislature, reservation for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal on population basis, and residuary powers to the provinces. The Convention rejected the amendments. Jinnah called it "the parting of the ways." The Nehru Report was also denounced by the Agha Khan's All-India Muslim Conference (January 1929).

Jinnah's Fourteen Points, March 1929

In March 1929 at Delhi, Jinnah replied with his Fourteen Points, which became the standing charter of Muslim League demands until 1947. The points to remember:

• Federal constitution with residuary powers vested in the provinces.
• Uniform autonomy for all provinces.
• One-third Muslim representation in the central legislature.
• Adequate Muslim representation in every provincial cabinet and in the services.
• Separate electorates to continue, though a community could abandon them for itself.
• No territorial change to reduce the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP.
• Separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency.
• Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan on par with other provinces.
• No bill to pass in any legislature if three-fourths of a community's members opposed it as harmful to that community.
• Full religious liberty and protection of Muslim culture, education, language and personal law.

The Calcutta session and the one-year ultimatum

The Calcutta session of the Congress (December 1928), presided over by Motilal Nehru, approved the Nehru Report but attached a condition pushed through as a compromise between the old guard and the independence wing: if the government did not accept the report by 31 December 1929, the Congress would demand complete independence and launch civil disobedience. The clock was now ticking towards Lahore.

6. Bardoli Satyagraha, 1928

While the Simon storm raged, a model peasant struggle unfolded in Bardoli taluka of Surat district, Bombay Presidency (present-day Gujarat).

• The government enhanced land revenue by about 22 per cent (initially proposed near 30 per cent). The peasants held the increase unjustified.
• In February 1928, on the peasants' invitation, Vallabhbhai Patel took command of a no-revenue campaign. His method: total social discipline. Peasants refused to pay; those who paid or bought confiscated land faced social boycott. Women of Bardoli were active in large numbers, and it was during this movement that the women of Bardoli gave Patel the title "Sardar".
• Local organisers included Kunvarji Mehta and Kalyanji Mehta, who had prepared the ground through ashrams and village work. K.M. Munshi and Lalji Naranji resigned from the Bombay Legislative Council in support.
• The government eventually appointed an inquiry, the Broomfield-Maxwell Committee, which found the enhancement unjustified and cut it to about 6.03 per cent. Confiscated lands and property were restored.

Bardoli was a complete, disciplined, victorious satyagraha. It made Patel a national figure and proved that the country was again ready for mass struggle, exactly on the eve of Civil Disobedience.

7. From Dominion Status to Purna Swaraj

The Nehru Report's deadline and Irwin's Declaration

Through 1929 the government gave no acceptance of the Nehru Report. On 31 October 1929, Viceroy Lord Irwin announced that the natural goal of India's constitutional progress was dominion status and proposed a Round Table Conference. This is the Irwin Declaration (also called the Deepavali Declaration).

Indian leaders, in the Delhi Manifesto (2 November 1929) signed by Gandhi, Motilal Nehru and others, asked for prior assurances: that the conference would frame a dominion constitution, not merely discuss when it might come, plus a general amnesty. Irwin, under pressure from London, refused the assurances (December 1929). The last door before confrontation closed.

Lahore session, December 1929: Purna Swaraj

The Lahore session of the Congress (December 1929) met on the banks of the Ravi under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was 40, among the youngest presidents, chosen with Gandhi's backing. The session:

• Declared Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as the goal of the Congress.
• Resolved to boycott the Round Table Conference.
• Authorised the All India Congress Committee to launch civil disobedience, with the programme left to Gandhi.
• Asked members to resign from legislatures.

At midnight on 31 December 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of independence on the banks of the Ravi at Lahore. The session fixed 26 January 1930 as the first Independence Day (Purna Swaraj Day), to be celebrated every year with a public pledge. This is why, in 1950, 26 January was chosen as the date to bring the Constitution into force.

The stage was now set for the Dandi March of March 1930, which opens the next chapter.

Quick Revision — One-Line Facts

• Congress Gaya session, December 1922: president C.R. Das; his council-entry proposal was defeated and he resigned.
• Swaraj Party (Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party) founded 1 January 1923; president C.R. Das, secretary Motilal Nehru.
• Swarajists were the pro-changers; Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and Ansari were no-changers.
• Delhi special session, September 1923: president Abul Kalam Azad, youngest Congress president; permitted council entry.
• Belgaum session 1924: the only Congress session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi.
• In the 1923 elections, Swarajists won 42 of 101 elected seats in the Central Legislative Assembly and a majority in the Central Provinces.
• Vithalbhai Patel became the first Indian President (Speaker) of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925.
• The Public Safety Bill was defeated in the Central Assembly in 1928.
• C.R. Das died on 16 June 1925; Responsivists (Lajpat Rai, Malaviya, Kelkar) then favoured cooperation with government.
• Muddiman (Reforms Enquiry) Committee, 1924, reviewed dyarchy; its minority report called dyarchy a failure.
• Simon Commission (Indian Statutory Commission) announced 8 November 1927; 7 members, all British, no Indian.
• Clement Attlee was a member of the Simon Commission; Lord Birkenhead was Secretary of State; Lord Irwin was Viceroy.
• Congress decided to boycott Simon at the Madras session, December 1927, president M.A. Ansari.
• Simon Commission landed at Bombay on 3 February 1928; slogan "Simon Go Back" is credited to Yusuf Meherally.
• The Justice Party (Madras) and Unionist Party (Punjab) cooperated with the Simon Commission.
• Lala Lajpat Rai was lathi-charged at Lahore on 30 October 1928 and died on 17 November 1928.
• Saunders was shot on 17 December 1928 at Lahore by Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Azad to avenge Lajpat Rai.
• The Nehru Report was submitted on 28 August 1928 at Lucknow; chairman Motilal Nehru, secretary Jawaharlal Nehru.
• The Nehru Report demanded dominion status, joint electorates, fundamental rights and linguistic provinces.
• The Nehru Report was the first Indian attempt to draft a constitution for India.
• Jinnah's Fourteen Points came in March 1929; key demands: one-third Muslim seats at the Centre, separate electorates, residuary powers to provinces, separation of Sindh.
• Jinnah called the rejection of his amendments at the Calcutta Convention (December 1928) "the parting of the ways."
• Calcutta session, December 1928: president Motilal Nehru; gave the government a one-year ultimatum to accept the Nehru Report.
• Bardoli Satyagraha, 1928, in Surat district, was led by Vallabhbhai Patel against a 22 per cent revenue hike; the Broomfield-Maxwell inquiry cut it to about 6.03 per cent.
• The women of Bardoli gave Vallabhbhai Patel the title "Sardar" in 1928.
• Irwin Declaration, 31 October 1929: dominion status stated as India's goal; followed by the Delhi Manifesto (2 November 1929).
• Lahore session, December 1929: president Jawaharlal Nehru; passed the Purna Swaraj resolution.
• The tricolour was hoisted on the banks of the Ravi at midnight, 31 December 1929.
• 26 January 1930 was celebrated as the first Independence Day; the date was later chosen for the Constitution's commencement in 1950.

Memory Tables

Table 1: Year → Event (1922–1929)

Year	Event
Dec 1922	Gaya session; C.R. Das's council-entry plan defeated; Das resigns
1 Jan 1923	Swaraj Party founded (Das president, Motilal Nehru secretary)
Sep 1923	Delhi special session under Abul Kalam Azad permits council entry
Nov 1923	Elections; Swarajists win 42 of 101 elected CLA seats
1924	Muddiman (Reforms Enquiry) Committee on dyarchy; Belgaum session under Gandhi
1925	Vithalbhai Patel becomes first Indian Speaker of CLA; C.R. Das dies (16 June)
8 Nov 1927	Simon Commission announced (all-British, 7 members)
Dec 1927	Madras session (Ansari) resolves to boycott Simon Commission
3 Feb 1928	Simon Commission lands at Bombay; nationwide hartal
Feb 1928	Bardoli Satyagraha begins under Vallabhbhai Patel
28 Aug 1928	Nehru Report submitted at Lucknow
30 Oct 1928	Lathi charge on Lajpat Rai at Lahore
17 Nov 1928	Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
Dec 1928	Calcutta session (Motilal Nehru); one-year ultimatum; Jinnah's amendments rejected
Mar 1929	Jinnah announces Fourteen Points at Delhi
31 Oct 1929	Irwin Declaration on dominion status
Dec 1929	Lahore session (Jawaharlal Nehru); Purna Swaraj resolution
26 Jan 1930	First Independence Day observed

Table 2: Person → Contribution

Person	Contribution in this chapter
C.R. Das	President, Gaya session 1922; founder-president, Swaraj Party 1923; died 1925
Motilal Nehru	Secretary, Swaraj Party; Swarajist leader in CLA; chairman, Nehru Report 1928; president, Calcutta session 1928
Abul Kalam Azad	Youngest Congress president; Delhi special session 1923
Vithalbhai Patel	First Indian President (Speaker) of Central Legislative Assembly, 1925
Alexander Muddiman	Chaired Reforms Enquiry Committee, 1924
John Simon	Chairman, Indian Statutory Commission, 1927
Clement Attlee	Simon Commission member; later British PM at independence
Lala Lajpat Rai	Led Lahore anti-Simon protest; died 17 November 1928
Yusuf Meherally	Credited with the slogan "Simon Go Back"
M.A. Jinnah	Boycotted Simon; amendments rejected 1928; Fourteen Points, March 1929
Jawaharlal Nehru	Secretary, Nehru Report committee; Independence for India League; president, Lahore session 1929
Subhas Chandra Bose	Nehru Report committee member; co-founded Independence for India League 1928
Vallabhbhai Patel	Led Bardoli Satyagraha 1928; earned the title "Sardar"
Lord Birkenhead	Secretary of State; challenged Indians to draft a constitution
Lord Irwin	Viceroy; Irwin Declaration, 31 October 1929

Table 3: Committee/Body → Head and Purpose

Body	Head	Year	Purpose/Outcome
Swaraj Party	C.R. Das	1923	Council entry to obstruct from within
Reforms Enquiry Committee	Alexander Muddiman	1924	Review of dyarchy; split majority/minority reports
Indian Statutory Commission	John Simon	1927	Review of 1919 Act; boycotted; report 1930
Nehru Report committee	Motilal Nehru	1928	First Indian draft constitution; dominion status
Broomfield-Maxwell Committee	Broomfield & Maxwell	1928–29	Cut Bardoli revenue hike to about 6.03%

Practice MCQs

Q1. The Swaraj Party was founded on 1 January 1923 by: (a) Lala Lajpat Rai and Madan Mohan Malaviya (b) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose (d) Vallabhbhai Patel and Rajendra Prasad

Q2. At which session of the Indian National Congress was the proposal for council entry defeated, leading to the president's resignation? (a) Belgaum, 1924 (b) Madras, 1927 (c) Gaya, 1922 (d) Calcutta, 1928

Q3. Who became the first Indian President (Speaker) of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925? (a) Motilal Nehru (b) Vithalbhai Patel (c) M.A. Jinnah (d) Tej Bahadur Sapru

Q4. The Muddiman Committee (1924) was appointed to examine: (a) The land revenue settlement in Bardoli (b) The working of dyarchy under the Government of India Act, 1919 (c) The jute industry of Bengal (d) The recruitment of Indians to the civil services

Q5. The Simon Commission was boycotted mainly because: (a) It recommended the partition of Bengal (b) It proposed separate electorates (c) It contained no Indian member (d) It was headed by Lord Birkenhead

Q6. The slogan "Simon Go Back" is credited to: (a) Yusuf Meherally (b) Bhagat Singh (c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Lala Lajpat Rai

Q7. Lala Lajpat Rai died in November 1928 of injuries received during a protest against the Simon Commission at: (a) Amritsar (b) Delhi (c) Lucknow (d) Lahore

Q8. Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched? (a) Nehru Report — 1928 (b) Fourteen Points of Jinnah — 1929 (c) Bardoli Satyagraha — 1930 (d) Irwin Declaration — 1929

Q9. The Nehru Report (1928) recommended which of the following? (a) Complete independence as the immediate goal (b) Separate electorates for Muslims in all provinces (c) Dominion status with joint electorates and reserved seats for minorities (d) A unitary state with no fundamental rights

Q10. Who was the secretary of the committee that prepared the Nehru Report? (a) Motilal Nehru (b) Jawaharlal Nehru (c) Tej Bahadur Sapru (d) Ali Imam

Q11. Which one of the following was a demand in Jinnah's Fourteen Points (1929)? (a) Residuary powers to be vested in the Centre (b) One-third representation for Muslims in the central legislature (c) Abolition of separate electorates (d) Merger of Sindh with the Bombay Presidency

Q12. The women of which movement gave Vallabhbhai Patel the title "Sardar"? (a) Kheda Satyagraha (b) Champaran Satyagraha (c) Bardoli Satyagraha (d) Dandi March

Q13. Arrange the following events in correct chronological order:

1. Purna Swaraj resolution at Lahore
2. Formation of the Swaraj Party
3. Submission of the Nehru Report
4. Announcement of the Simon Commission (a) 2, 4, 3, 1 (b) 4, 2, 3, 1 (c) 2, 3, 4, 1 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1

Q14. Consider the statements about the Lahore session of the Congress (1929):

1. It was presided over by Motilal Nehru.
2. It declared Purna Swaraj as the goal of the Congress.
3. It decided to boycott the Round Table Conference. Which of the statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Q15. Which future British Prime Minister was a member of the Simon Commission? (a) Winston Churchill (b) Ramsay MacDonald (c) Clement Attlee (d) Stanley Baldwin

Answer Key

Q	Answer	One-line reason
1	(b)	C.R. Das (president) and Motilal Nehru (secretary) founded it on 1 January 1923.
2	(c)	At Gaya (December 1922) C.R. Das's own council-entry proposal was defeated; he resigned.
3	(b)	Vithalbhai Patel was elected Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925.
4	(b)	The Reforms Enquiry (Muddiman) Committee, 1924, reviewed dyarchy under the 1919 Act.
5	(c)	All seven members were British; the all-white body was seen as an insult to Indians.
6	(a)	Socialist leader Yusuf Meherally is credited with coining "Simon Go Back".
7	(d)	He was lathi-charged at Lahore on 30 October 1928 and died on 17 November 1928.
8	(c)	Bardoli Satyagraha took place in 1928, not 1930.
9	(c)	It asked for dominion status, joint electorates with reserved minority seats, and fundamental rights.
10	(b)	Motilal Nehru chaired the committee; Jawaharlal Nehru was its secretary.
11	(b)	Jinnah demanded one-third Muslim seats at the Centre; residuary powers were to go to provinces.
12	(c)	The women of Bardoli (1928) gave Patel the title "Sardar".
13	(a)	Swaraj Party 1923 → Simon Commission announced 1927 → Nehru Report 1928 → Purna Swaraj 1929.
14	(b)	Lahore 1929 was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, not Motilal; statements 2 and 3 are correct.
15	(c)	Clement Attlee, PM in 1947, was one of the seven Simon Commission members.