Revolutionary Nationalism — Second Phase: HSRA, Bhagat Singh, Chittagong

Why This Chapter Matters

The second phase of revolutionary activity, roughly 1922 to 1934, is one of the most heavily tested slices of Modern History. SSC and RRB papers keep returning to a small pool of facts from it: the Kakori train action of 1925, the founding of the HRA and the HSRA, the Saunders shooting of 1928, the Central Legislative Assembly bomb of 1929, the Lahore Conspiracy Case, the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev on 23 March 1931, the death of Chandra Shekhar Azad at Alfred Park, and Surya Sen's Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930. Expect 1 to 2 questions from this chapter in a typical SSC CGL or CHSL General Awareness section, and RRB NTPC has a clear fondness for the Kakori and Chittagong dates.

The questions are almost always direct fact recall. Who founded the HSRA? Who threw the bomb in the Assembly with Bhagat Singh? Where was Azad killed? Which woman revolutionary led the attack on the Pahartali European Club? If you master the tables in this chapter, you convert these into free marks. The one conceptual area exams touch is the shift in ideology, from the religious-nationalist tone of the first phase to the socialism of Bhagat Singh's generation, visible in the very renaming of HRA to HSRA in 1928.

1. Why Revolutionary Activity Revived after 1922

Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident (5 February 1922). Thousands of young men who had left colleges and jobs for the movement felt abandoned. Many concluded that non-violence had failed as a method and that only armed action could shake British rule.

Three streams fed the new phase:

• Disillusioned non-cooperators. Young activists like Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachindranath Sanyal had participated in or sympathised with mass politics, then turned back to revolutionary methods.
• Released detenus. Revolutionaries jailed during World War I under the Defence of India Act were released in the general amnesty of 1919–20. Sanyal, a veteran of the Ghadar-linked conspiracy of 1915, was among those who reorganised the networks.
• New ideas from abroad. The Russian Revolution of 1917 gave this generation a socialist vocabulary the first phase never had. Bhagat Singh's circle read Marx, Lenin and Bakunin, not just Bankim and the Gita.

The second phase had two distinct centres. In northern India (Punjab, UP, Delhi), the line ran from the HRA to the HSRA, ending with the executions of 1931 and Azad's death. In Bengal, older groups like Anushilan and Jugantar revived, and the most spectacular action was Surya Sen's Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930. A notable feature of the Bengal stream was the entry of women as active fighters, something the first phase had not seen.

2. The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), 1924

The Hindustan Republican Association (also written Hindustan Republican Army) was founded in October 1924 at Kanpur. Its main founders were Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachindranath Sanyal. Chandra Shekhar Azad and Ashfaqullah Khan were prominent members.

Key points exams ask:

• The HRA's manifesto, "The Revolutionary", was written by Sachindranath Sanyal and distributed in January 1925.
• The stated aim was to establish a "Federal Republic of the United States of India" through organised armed revolution.
• Sanyal is also known as the author of "Bandi Jeevan" (A Life of Captivity), a memoir that became a manual for young revolutionaries.
• The HRA needed money for arms. That need led directly to Kakori.

3. The Kakori Train Action, 9 August 1925

On 9 August 1925, ten HRA men stopped the 8-Down train near Kakori, a small station close to Lucknow, and looted the government treasury money it was carrying (about Rs 8,000). No passenger was harmed, but one person died from an accidental shot, which allowed the government to press murder charges.

The participants included Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, Sachindranath Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarty, Murari Lal Gupta, Mukundi Lal and Banwari Lal.

The government response was massive. Over 40 arrests were made in the Kakori Conspiracy Case (1925–27). The outcome:

Person	Sentence	Execution details
Ramprasad Bismil	Death	Hanged at Gorakhpur jail, 19 December 1927
Ashfaqullah Khan	Death	Hanged at Faizabad jail, 19 December 1927
Roshan Singh	Death	Hanged at Allahabad (Naini) jail, 19 December 1927
Rajendra Lahiri	Death	Hanged at Gonda jail, 17 December 1927
Sachindranath Sanyal	Life transportation	Sent to the Andamans (Cellular Jail)
Chandra Shekhar Azad	Never caught	Escaped, later reorganised the movement

Remember the pairing: four hangings, all in December 1927, Lahiri two days before the other three. Bismil wrote poetry under the pen name "Bismil"; the song "Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna" is associated with him (written by Bismil Azimabadi, popularised by Ramprasad Bismil). Ashfaqullah Khan is remembered as one of the first Muslim revolutionaries hanged in this phase, a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity in the movement.

Kakori crushed the HRA's first leadership. The task of rebuilding fell on Chandra Shekhar Azad, the seniormost leader still free.

4. From HRA to HSRA: The Feroz Shah Kotla Meeting, 1928

On 8–9 September 1928, revolutionaries from Punjab, UP, Bihar and Rajasthan met at the ruins of Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi. Under the influence of Bhagat Singh, they reorganised the HRA as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) (its armed wing is often called the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army).

• The word "Socialist" was added deliberately. The goal was no longer just expelling the British but building a socialist republic. This is the single most asked conceptual point from this chapter.
• Chandra Shekhar Azad became the commander-in-chief of the armed wing.
• Key members: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar (in charge of Punjab), Shivaram Rajguru (from Maharashtra), Bhagwati Charan Vohra (party's chief ideologue and writer), Batukeshwar Dutt, Jaidev Kapoor, Vijay Kumar Sinha.
• Bhagwati Charan Vohra drafted "The Philosophy of the Bomb" (1929–30), the HSRA's reply to Gandhi's article "The Cult of the Bomb" which had condemned the attempt to bomb Viceroy Irwin's train (December 1929).

Bhagat Singh had already been building open mass-facing organisations in Punjab:

• Naujawan Bharat Sabha, founded at Lahore in 1926 by Bhagat Singh and his comrades, worked openly among students and youth, preaching secularism and socialism.
• He was also linked with the Hindustan Socialist study circles and wrote for papers like Kirti (of the Kirti Kisan movement) and Pratap (Kanpur paper of Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, under whom Bhagat Singh had worked using the name Balwant Singh).

5. The Saunders Shooting, 17 December 1928

On 30 October 1928, the Simon Commission reached Lahore. Lala Lajpat Rai led a protest demonstration against it. Police under Superintendent James A. Scott lathi-charged the protesters, and Lajpat Rai received blows on the chest. He died on 17 November 1928. His widely quoted line: every blow on him would be "a nail in the coffin of British rule".

The HSRA decided to avenge the death by killing Scott. On 17 December 1928, exactly a month after Lajpat Rai's death, Bhagat Singh and Rajguru shot dead Assistant Superintendent J.P. Saunders outside the Lahore police headquarters, mistaking him for Scott. Chandra Shekhar Azad covered their escape; a head constable, Chanan Singh, who chased them was also shot. Posters signed by the HSRA declared that Lajpat Rai's death had been avenged.

Bhagat Singh escaped from Lahore in disguise, famously travelling with Durga Devi Vohra (Durga Bhabhi), wife of Bhagwati Charan Vohra, posing as a couple, with Rajguru as their servant.

6. The Assembly Bomb, 8 April 1929

The government was pushing two repressive bills through the Central Legislative Assembly: the Public Safety Bill (to detain suspects without trial and deport "undesirable" foreigners, aimed at communists) and the Trade Disputes Bill (to curb strikes). The HSRA decided to protest in a way the whole country would hear.

On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw two bombs into an empty corner of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. The bombs were deliberately low-intensity and hurt no one seriously. They threw leaflets, shouted "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long Live Revolution, a slogan coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani), and surrendered without resistance.

• The leaflet's famous line: "It takes a loud voice to make the deaf hear", borrowed from the French anarchist Auguste Vaillant.
• The purpose of courting arrest was to use the courtroom as a platform to publicise revolutionary ideas.
• In the Assembly Bomb Case (June 1929), Bhagat Singh and Dutt were sentenced to transportation for life. Batukeshwar Dutt was not an accused in the Lahore Conspiracy Case verdict that followed, which is why he was not hanged. He died in 1965.

7. Lahore Conspiracy Case, Hunger Strike and the Executions of 1931

After the Assembly bomb arrests, police traced the HSRA bomb factories at Lahore and Saharanpur. Sukhdev, Rajguru, Jaidev Kapoor, Kishori Lal and others were arrested. The Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929–30) tried them for the Saunders murder and related actions. Approvers such as Hans Raj Vohra, Jai Gopal and Phanindra Nath Ghosh turned evidence against the accused.

The hunger strike and Jatin Das

Inside jail, the undertrials demanded treatment as political prisoners, with better food, books and newspapers, and equality between European and Indian prisoners. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt began a hunger strike in June 1929; others joined. Jatindranath Das (Jatin Das) died on 13 September 1929, on the 63rd day of his hunger strike in Lahore jail. His funeral procession from Lahore to Calcutta drew enormous crowds. The episode made the revolutionaries household names.

Trial and verdict

The ordinary court process was slow, so the government issued an ordinance in May 1930 creating a special tribunal that could proceed without the accused present and without defence counsel. On 7 October 1930, the tribunal delivered its verdict: Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death; others, including Kishori Lal, Vijay Kumar Sinha and Jaidev Kapoor, got transportation for life.

Despite nationwide appeals, and appeals to Gandhi during the Gandhi-Irwin Pact talks, the three were hanged in Lahore Central Jail on 23 March 1931, a day ahead of the announced schedule, in the evening. Their bodies were cremated secretly on the banks of the Sutlej at Hussainiwala (near Ferozepur). 23 March is observed as Martyrs' Day (Shaheed Diwas). Bhagat Singh was 23 years old.

The executions came days before the Karachi session of the Congress (March 1931), presided over by Sardar Patel. The session passed a resolution, drafted with Gandhi's involvement, admiring the bravery and sacrifice of the three while dissociating the Congress from political violence.

8. Chandra Shekhar Azad, 1906–1931

Chandra Shekhar Azad was born on 23 July 1906 at Bhavra (Bhabhra) in present-day Madhya Pradesh (family roots in Badarka, Unnao, UP). Arrested as a 15-year-old during the Non-Cooperation Movement, he told the magistrate his name was "Azad" (free), his father's name "Swatantrata" (independence) and his home "jail". The name Azad stuck.

His career spans both organisations:

• Active HRA member; participant in the Kakori action (1925); the only major accused never captured.
• Commander-in-chief of the HSRA from 1928; covered the Saunders shooting; organised the bomb factories.
• Involved in planning the attempt to blow up Viceroy Irwin's train near Delhi on 23 December 1929 (the viceroy escaped unhurt).
• Kept his vow never to be taken alive. On 27 February 1931, betrayed by an informer, he was surrounded by police at Alfred Park, Allahabad. He fought alone, and shot himself with his last bullet. The park is now Chandra Shekhar Azad Park, and Allahabad is now Prayagraj.

His pistol is displayed at the Allahabad Museum. With Azad's death and the executions of March 1931, the HSRA in the north effectively collapsed.

9. Bengal: Chittagong and the Revival of 1930–34

Surya Sen and the Chittagong Armoury Raid, 18 April 1930

Surya Sen, a school teacher known as "Master da", led the Indian Republican Army, Chittagong branch. He had been a Congress worker and had taken part in the Non-Cooperation Movement, which shows how the two streams overlapped in Bengal.

On 18 April 1930, about 65 revolutionaries executed a coordinated plan at Chittagong (now in Bangladesh):

• They captured the police armoury and the Auxiliary Force armoury, cut telegraph and telephone lines, and disrupted rail links to isolate the town.
• They failed to locate the ammunition, which limited the raid's military value.
• Outside the armoury, Surya Sen hoisted the national flag, took the salute and proclaimed a Provisional Revolutionary Government.
• A few days later, on 22 April 1930, the group fought a pitched battle with troops on Jalalabad hills near Chittagong. Around a dozen revolutionaries died; the rest dispersed into villages, sheltered mainly by local peasants, and carried on raids for three more years.

Surya Sen evaded arrest until February 1933, when he was betrayed and captured. He was hanged on 12 January 1934 at Chittagong jail, along with Tarakeswar Dastidar.

Women revolutionaries of Bengal

This is a favourite SSC matching-question area:

Woman revolutionary	Action	Year
Pritilata Waddedar	Led the armed attack on the Pahartali European Club, Chittagong; consumed cyanide to avoid arrest	1932
Kalpana Dutt (Datta)	Chittagong group member; arrested, tried with Surya Sen, sentenced to transportation for life	1933–34
Bina Das	Fired at Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson at the Calcutta University convocation	1932
Santi Ghosh & Suniti Chaudhuri	Two schoolgirls of Comilla who shot dead District Magistrate C.G.B. Stevens	1931

Other Bengal actions

• 8 December 1930: Binoy Bose, Badal Gupta and Dinesh Gupta entered the Writers' Building, Calcutta, in European dress and shot dead Col. N.S. Simpson, the Inspector-General of Prisons, hated for torturing prisoners. In the gun battle that followed, Badal took cyanide, Binoy shot himself and died later, and Dinesh survived to be hanged in 1931. Dalhousie Square in Kolkata is renamed B.B.D. Bagh after the three.
• District officials became targets across Bengal; Midnapore district saw three successive English District Magistrates (Peddie, Douglas, Burge) assassinated between 1931 and 1933.
• The government replied with harsh ordinances, mass detentions under laws like the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment, and detention camps in the Andamans and at places like Deoli and Hijli.

10. Bhagat Singh's Ideas, in Brief

Exams occasionally ask one question on Bhagat Singh as a thinker, not just a martyr. The essentials:

• Socialism and full independence. For him, freedom meant ending exploitation of man by man, not just replacing white rulers with brown ones. Hence the HSRA's socialist goal.
• Secularism and rationalism. Unlike first-phase revolutionaries who used religious oaths, Bhagat Singh's generation was consciously secular. His famous jail essay, "Why I am an Atheist" (written 1930, published 1931 in The People, Lajpat Rai's paper), argued his atheism from reason.
• From bombs to mass movement. In his last writings, he argued that individual heroic actions had limited value and that revolution needed organised mass mobilisation of workers, peasants and youth. "Revolution" for him did not necessarily mean bloodshed; it meant a change of the social order.
• Against untouchability and communalism. He wrote against caste discrimination and communal politics in articles for Kirti.
• Famous slogans associated with him: "Inquilab Zindabad" (coined by Hasrat Mohani, made a national slogan by Bhagat Singh) and the HSRA's "Samrajyavad ka nash ho" (Down with imperialism).

By 1934, with the north's leadership dead and Bengal's networks broken by arrests, organised revolutionary activity wound down. Many surviving revolutionaries later joined communist, socialist or Congress politics after their release, especially in the late 1930s.

Quick Revision — One-Line Facts

• HRA founded October 1924 at Kanpur by Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachindranath Sanyal.
• HRA manifesto "The Revolutionary" (1925) was written by Sachindranath Sanyal.
• Sanyal also wrote "Bandi Jeevan".
• Kakori train action: 9 August 1925, near Lucknow, on the 8-Down train.
• Kakori hangings, December 1927: Bismil (Gorakhpur), Ashfaqullah (Faizabad), Roshan Singh (Naini/Allahabad), Rajendra Lahiri (Gonda).
• Naujawan Bharat Sabha founded 1926 at Lahore by Bhagat Singh.
• HSRA formed 8–9 September 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi; "Socialist" added on Bhagat Singh's insistence.
• Chandra Shekhar Azad was commander-in-chief of the HSRA's armed wing.
• Lala Lajpat Rai was injured in the anti-Simon lathi charge at Lahore (30 October 1928) and died 17 November 1928.
• Saunders shot on 17 December 1928 at Lahore by Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, with Azad covering.
• Bhagat Singh escaped Lahore with Durga Bhabhi (Durga Devi Vohra).
• Assembly bomb: 8 April 1929, thrown by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt, protesting the Public Safety and Trade Disputes Bills.
• "It takes a loud voice to make the deaf hear" comes from Auguste Vaillant, quoted in the HSRA leaflet.
• "Inquilab Zindabad" was coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani.
• Jatin Das died 13 September 1929 after a 63-day hunger strike in Lahore jail.
• Lahore Conspiracy Case verdict by special tribunal: 7 October 1930.
• Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev hanged 23 March 1931 at Lahore Central Jail; cremated at Hussainiwala on the Sutlej.
• 23 March is observed as Shaheed Diwas (Martyrs' Day).
• The Karachi Congress session (1931, president Sardar Patel) praised the trio's sacrifice while disapproving of political violence.
• "The Philosophy of the Bomb" was written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra; Gandhi's article it answered was "The Cult of the Bomb".
• Attempt to bomb Viceroy Irwin's train: 23 December 1929, near Delhi.
• Chandra Shekhar Azad died 27 February 1931 at Alfred Park, Allahabad, shooting himself with his last bullet.
• Chittagong Armoury Raid: 18 April 1930, led by Surya Sen (Master da) of the Indian Republican Army, Chittagong branch.
• Jalalabad hills battle: 22 April 1930.
• Surya Sen hanged 12 January 1934, with Tarakeswar Dastidar.
• Pritilata Waddedar led the Pahartali European Club attack (1932) and took cyanide.
• Bina Das fired at Governor Stanley Jackson at Calcutta University convocation (1932).
• Santi Ghosh and Suniti Chaudhuri shot DM Stevens of Comilla (1931).
• Binoy-Badal-Dinesh attacked the Writers' Building, Calcutta, on 8 December 1930, killing Col. Simpson; B.B.D. Bagh is named after them.
• Bhagat Singh's jail essay: "Why I am an Atheist".

Memory Tables

Table 1: Year → Event (1924–1934)

Year	Event
1924 (October)	HRA founded at Kanpur
1925 (9 August)	Kakori train action
1926	Naujawan Bharat Sabha founded at Lahore
1927 (17 & 19 December)	Kakori hangings: Lahiri; then Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh
1928 (8–9 September)	HRA becomes HSRA at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
1928 (17 November)	Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
1928 (17 December)	Saunders shot at Lahore
1929 (8 April)	Assembly bomb, Delhi
1929 (13 September)	Jatin Das dies after 63-day hunger strike
1929 (23 December)	Bomb attempt on Irwin's train
1930 (18 April)	Chittagong Armoury Raid
1930 (8 December)	Writers' Building action (Binoy-Badal-Dinesh)
1931 (27 February)	Azad dies at Alfred Park, Allahabad
1931 (23 March)	Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged
1932	Pritilata Waddedar attacks Pahartali Club; Bina Das fires at Governor Jackson
1934 (12 January)	Surya Sen hanged

Table 2: Person → Identification

Person	Remember as
Ramprasad Bismil	HRA founder; Kakori; hanged Gorakhpur, 19 Dec 1927
Ashfaqullah Khan	Kakori; hanged Faizabad, 19 Dec 1927
Sachindranath Sanyal	HRA founder; wrote "The Revolutionary" and "Bandi Jeevan"; life transportation
Chandra Shekhar Azad	HSRA commander-in-chief; died Alfred Park, 27 Feb 1931
Bhagat Singh	Saunders shooting; Assembly bomb; "Why I am an Atheist"; hanged 23 Mar 1931
Rajguru	Shivaram Rajguru of Maharashtra; Saunders shooting; hanged 23 Mar 1931
Sukhdev	HSRA's Punjab organiser; hanged 23 Mar 1931
Batukeshwar Dutt	Threw Assembly bomb with Bhagat Singh; life transportation; died 1965
Bhagwati Charan Vohra	HSRA ideologue; "The Philosophy of the Bomb"
Durga Bhabhi	Durga Devi Vohra; helped Bhagat Singh escape Lahore
Jatin Das	Died 13 Sep 1929, 63rd day of hunger strike
Surya Sen	"Master da"; Chittagong raid 1930; hanged 12 Jan 1934
Pritilata Waddedar	Pahartali European Club attack, 1932
Kalpana Dutt	Chittagong group; life transportation
Bina Das	Fired at Governor Stanley Jackson, 1932
Binoy-Badal-Dinesh	Writers' Building, Calcutta, 8 Dec 1930

Table 3: Place → Association

Place	Association
Kanpur	HRA founded, 1924
Kakori (near Lucknow)	Train action, 9 Aug 1925
Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi	HRA renamed HSRA, Sep 1928
Lahore	Saunders shooting; Naujawan Bharat Sabha; Conspiracy Case; hangings of 23 Mar 1931
Hussainiwala (Sutlej bank)	Cremation of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev
Alfred Park, Allahabad	Death of Chandra Shekhar Azad
Chittagong	Armoury Raid, 1930; Surya Sen
Jalalabad hills	Battle after Chittagong raid, 22 Apr 1930
Writers' Building, Calcutta	Binoy-Badal-Dinesh action, 1930
Pahartali (Chittagong)	European Club attack by Pritilata Waddedar

Practice MCQs

Q1. The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was founded in October 1924 at (a) Lahore (b) Kanpur (c) Delhi (d) Lucknow

Q2. The Kakori train action took place on (a) 9 August 1925 (b) 18 April 1930 (c) 8 April 1929 (d) 17 December 1928

Q3. Who among the following was hanged at Faizabad jail in December 1927 for the Kakori case? (a) Ramprasad Bismil (b) Rajendra Lahiri (c) Ashfaqullah Khan (d) Roshan Singh

Q4. The manifesto of the HRA, titled "The Revolutionary", was written by (a) Bhagat Singh (b) Sachindranath Sanyal (c) Chandra Shekhar Azad (d) Ramprasad Bismil

Q5. The word "Socialist" was added to the name of the Hindustan Republican Association at a meeting held in 1928 at (a) Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi (b) Anarkali Bazar, Lahore (c) Kakori, Lucknow (d) Alfred Park, Allahabad

Q6. Who threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly along with Bhagat Singh on 8 April 1929? (a) Rajguru (b) Sukhdev (c) Chandra Shekhar Azad (d) Batukeshwar Dutt

Q7. Bhagat Singh and Rajguru shot J.P. Saunders at Lahore to avenge the death of (a) Jatin Das (b) Lala Lajpat Rai (c) Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi (d) Kartar Singh Sarabha

Q8. Jatindranath Das died in Lahore jail on 13 September 1929 after a hunger strike lasting (a) 47 days (b) 55 days (c) 63 days (d) 97 days

Q9. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were executed on (a) 27 February 1931 (b) 23 March 1931 (c) 12 January 1934 (d) 19 December 1927

Q10. Chandra Shekhar Azad died fighting the police at Alfred Park, situated in (a) Kanpur (b) Jhansi (c) Allahabad (d) Varanasi

Q11. Who led the Chittagong Armoury Raid of 18 April 1930? (a) Surya Sen (b) Jatin Mukherjee (c) Rash Behari Bose (d) Batukeshwar Dutt

Q12. Match the following and choose the correct code:

1. Pritilata Waddedar — A. Fired at Governor Stanley Jackson
2. Bina Das — B. Pahartali European Club attack
3. Kalpana Dutt — C. Comilla DM shooting
4. Santi Ghosh — D. Chittagong group, transportation for life (a) 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C (b) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D (c) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D (d) 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C

Q13. Arrange the following in correct chronological order:

1. Kakori train action 2. Saunders shooting 3. Assembly bomb 4. Chittagong Armoury Raid (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 1, 3, 4 (c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 2, 1, 4, 3

Q14. The pamphlet "The Philosophy of the Bomb", written as a reply to Gandhi's criticism of revolutionary violence, was drafted by (a) Bhagat Singh (b) Bhagwati Charan Vohra (c) Sukhdev (d) Yashpal

Q15. Consider the following statements about Bhagat Singh:

1. He founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha at Lahore in 1926.
2. He wrote the essay "Why I am an Atheist" in jail.
3. He coined the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad". Which of the statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer Key

Q	Answer	One-line reason
1	(b)	HRA was founded at Kanpur in October 1924 by Bismil, Chatterjee and Sanyal.
2	(a)	The 8-Down train was stopped near Kakori on 9 August 1925.
3	(c)	Ashfaqullah Khan was hanged at Faizabad; Bismil at Gorakhpur; Lahiri at Gonda; Roshan Singh at Naini.
4	(b)	Sachindranath Sanyal wrote "The Revolutionary" (1925); he also wrote "Bandi Jeevan".
5	(a)	The HSRA was formed at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi, on 8–9 September 1928.
6	(d)	Batukeshwar Dutt accompanied Bhagat Singh; both then surrendered deliberately.
7	(b)	Lajpat Rai died on 17 November 1928 after the anti-Simon lathi charge; Saunders was shot a month later.
8	(c)	Jatin Das died on the 63rd day of his hunger strike for political-prisoner status.
9	(b)	Hanged at Lahore Central Jail on 23 March 1931, now Shaheed Diwas.
10	(c)	Alfred Park (now Chandra Shekhar Azad Park) is in Allahabad (Prayagraj).
11	(a)	Surya Sen, "Master da", led the Indian Republican Army, Chittagong branch.
12	(a)	Pritilata: Pahartali Club; Bina Das: Governor Jackson; Kalpana Dutt: transportation; Santi Ghosh: Comilla DM.
13	(a)	Kakori (1925) → Saunders shooting (Dec 1928) → Assembly bomb (Apr 1929) → Chittagong raid (Apr 1930).
14	(b)	Bhagwati Charan Vohra, the HSRA ideologue, drafted it in reply to "The Cult of the Bomb".
15	(a)	Statements 1 and 2 are correct; "Inquilab Zindabad" was coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani, only popularised by Bhagat Singh.