Subhas Chandra Bose, the INA & the RIN Revolt

Why This Chapter Matters

SSC and RRB love this chapter because it is full of clean, single-fact questions: Bose's birthplace, the year he resigned from the ICS, who founded the Forward Bloc, where the Azad Hind Government was formed, the names of the three Red Fort trial officers, and the ships and dates of the Royal Indian Navy revolt. Expect 1 to 2 questions from this zone in a typical SSC CGL/CHSL GA section, and RRB NTPC has repeatedly asked the "Give me blood, I will give you freedom" slogan and the founding of the INA. Bose-related questions also appear on his birth anniversary (23 January, now Parakram Diwas), so exam-setters keep the topic fresh.

The sub-topics that repeat most: Bose's escape from Calcutta (1941), the role of Rasbihari Bose and Mohan Singh in the first INA, the Provisional Government of Free India (21 October 1943), the INA brigades named after leaders, the Imphal-Kohima campaign (1944), the Red Fort trials (1945) and the lawyers who defended the accused, and the RIN mutiny of February 1946 with HMIS Talwar. Master the tables in this chapter and you will not lose a single mark here.

1. Subhas Chandra Bose — Early Life and Political Career

Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 at Cuttack, Odisha (then part of Bengal Presidency). His father Janakinath Bose was a lawyer. Subhas studied at Presidency College, Calcutta, from where he was expelled for a time after the Oaten incident (an assault on a professor accused of insulting Indian students), and later completed his degree from Scottish Church College.

In 1919 he went to England and cleared the Indian Civil Service examination in 1920, standing fourth. He resigned from the ICS in April 1921 without joining service, saying he could not serve a foreign government. He returned to India and began work under Chittaranjan Das (Deshbandhu), whom he always called his political guru.

Key milestones in his Congress career:

• 1921: Joined the Non-Cooperation Movement under C.R. Das. Became principal of the National College, Calcutta.
• 1923: Worked for the Swaraj Party; edited the newspaper Forward founded by C.R. Das. When Das became Mayor of Calcutta Corporation in 1924, Bose was appointed its Chief Executive Officer.
• 1924–27: Detained without trial and sent to Mandalay jail (Burma) under suspicion of revolutionary links. Released in 1927 on health grounds.
• 1928: General Officer Commanding of the Congress volunteer corps at the Calcutta session (President: Motilal Nehru). Along with Jawaharlal Nehru, he opposed the Nehru Report's acceptance of Dominion Status and demanded complete independence.
• 1930: Elected Mayor of Calcutta while in jail.
• 1938: Elected Congress President at the Haripura session (Gujarat). Here he set up the National Planning Committee (1938), with Jawaharlal Nehru as its chairman.
• 1939: Re-elected Congress President at the Tripuri session (Madhya Pradesh), defeating Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya by 1580 votes to 1377. Gandhi called Sitaramayya's defeat "my own defeat". Facing non-cooperation from the Working Committee (the Pant resolution asked him to form his committee as per Gandhi's wishes), Bose resigned in April 1939. Rajendra Prasad replaced him as president.
• 3 May 1939: Bose founded the Forward Bloc within the Congress at Calcutta, to unite the left wing. Its first conference was held at Bombay in June 1939. He also started a journal named Forward Bloc. In August 1939 he was removed from the post of president of the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee and barred from elective Congress office for three years.

Exam tip: do not confuse the two presidencies. Haripura 1938 and Tripuri 1939, both Bose. SSC has asked both sessions multiple times.

Bose wrote the book The Indian Struggle (first part published in London, 1935) and an unfinished autobiography, An Indian Pilgrim.

2. The Great Escape (1941)

When World War II began, Bose launched a movement against the decision to use Indian resources for the war. In July 1940 he was arrested for leading the agitation to remove the Holwell Monument in Calcutta (a memorial to the so-called Black Hole of Calcutta). In jail he began a hunger strike, and the government released him but kept him under house arrest at his Elgin Road home in Calcutta.

On the night of 16–17 January 1941, Bose escaped from Calcutta in disguise as a Pathan insurance agent, Muhammad Ziauddin. His nephew Sisir Kumar Bose drove him out of the city. He travelled to Peshawar, crossed into Afghanistan with the help of Forward Bloc worker Mian Akbar Shah, reached Kabul, and from there travelled on an Italian passport under the name Orlando Mazzotta through the Soviet Union to Berlin, arriving in April 1941.

In Germany:

• He set up the Free India Centre in Berlin (1941) and started Azad Hind Radio.
• He raised the Indian Legion (about 3,000–4,000 men) from Indian prisoners of war captured in North Africa.
• Indians in Germany began addressing him as Netaji, and the greeting Jai Hind came into use in this circle (its coinage is generally credited to Abid Hasan, Bose's associate).
• He met Hitler in May 1942, but got no firm commitment on India.

Convinced that the real theatre for India's liberation was East Asia after Japan's victories, Bose left Germany in February 1943 by a German submarine (U-180), transferred to a Japanese submarine (I-29) near Madagascar, and reached Sumatra and then Tokyo in mid-1943.

3. The Indian National Army — First Phase (Mohan Singh)

The idea of an Indian army from prisoners of war predates Bose's arrival in Asia.

• Rasbihari Bose, veteran revolutionary living in Japan since 1915, headed the Indian Independence League (IIL). Conferences of the League were held at Tokyo (March 1942) and Bangkok (June 1942). The Bangkok Conference invited Subhas Bose to East Asia and resolved to raise an army.
• Captain Mohan Singh, an officer of the British Indian Army captured in Malaya, agreed to raise an Indian force from POWs after the fall of Singapore (15 February 1942), where about 40,000–45,000 Indian POWs came into Japanese hands. Japanese officer Major Fujiwara was the link man.
• The Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) was formally established in September 1942 at Singapore under Mohan Singh's command.

The first INA collapsed by December 1942. Mohan Singh fell out with the Japanese, whom he suspected of using the INA as a mere pawn, and with the IIL leadership. He was removed from command and taken into Japanese custody. The organisation lay in disarray until Netaji arrived.

4. Netaji Takes Over — The INA's Second Phase and the Azad Hind Government

Subhas Bose reached Singapore on 2 July 1943. On 4 July 1943, Rasbihari Bose formally handed over the leadership of the Indian Independence League and the INA movement to him. On 5 July 1943, addressing the troops at Singapore, Netaji gave the war cry "Delhi Chalo" (Chalo Delhi). At a rally in Burma in July 1944 he gave his most famous call: "Tum mujhe khoon do, main tumhe azadi doonga" (Give me blood, and I will promise you freedom).

The Provisional Government of Free India

On 21 October 1943, Bose proclaimed the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind) at Singapore.

Post	Person
Head of State, Prime Minister and Minister of War	Subhas Chandra Bose
Minister for Women's Affairs	Lakshmi Swaminathan (Captain Lakshmi)
Minister for Publicity and Propaganda	S.A. Ayer
Finance	A.C. Chatterjee
Adviser (senior-most)	Rasbihari Bose

Facts about this government that exams pick:

• It was recognised by nine Axis and Axis-allied governments, including Japan, Germany, Italy and the Japanese-sponsored governments of Burma, Thailand, Manchukuo, Nanking China and the Philippines. Ireland's De Valera sent congratulations.
• It declared war on Britain and the USA (October 1943).
• Japan handed over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to it in November 1943. Bose visited Port Blair in December 1943, hoisted the tricolour there on 30 December 1943, and renamed Andaman as Shaheed Dweep and Nicobar as Swaraj Dweep.
• Headquarters shifted from Singapore to Rangoon (Burma) in January 1944.
• The government had its own bank (Azad Hind Bank, Rangoon, 1944), currency notes, stamps and court.
• The INA's slogans: Jai Hind, Delhi Chalo, Ittehad, Itmad aur Qurbani (Unity, Faith and Sacrifice). Its anthem was "Shubh Sukh Chain", an adaptation of Jana Gana Mana. The song "Kadam Kadam Badhaye Ja" was the INA marching song.

INA Organisation

The INA at its peak had roughly 40,000–50,000 soldiers, drawn from POWs and from Indian civilians in Malaya and Burma. Its fighting formations carried leaders' names:

Brigade/Regiment	Named after
Gandhi Brigade	Mahatma Gandhi
Nehru Brigade	Jawaharlal Nehru
Azad Brigade	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Subhas Brigade	Subhas Bose (commanded by Shah Nawaz Khan)
Rani Jhansi Regiment	Rani Lakshmibai — all-women unit under Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan

The Rani Jhansi Regiment (formed July 1943) is a favourite exam fact: it was among the earliest all-women infantry units anywhere in Asia. A Bal Sena of young cadets also existed.

5. The Imphal Campaign (1944) and the Collapse

The INA's military test came with Japan's U-Go offensive against Imphal and Kohima.

• INA units crossed into India alongside Japanese forces in early 1944. On 18 March 1944 INA troops crossed the Burma frontier into India, and on 14 April 1944, Colonel Shaukat Malik's Bahadur Group hoisted the INA flag at Moirang in Manipur, the first Indian territory the INA held.
• The Japanese-INA siege of Imphal (March–July 1944) failed. The battle of Kohima (April–June 1944) also went against Japan. Monsoon rains, broken supply lines, Allied air power and disease wrecked the offensive. The Japanese ordered retreat in July 1944.
• Through 1944–45 the INA fought rearguard actions in Burma. When Rangoon fell to the British in May 1945, most INA soldiers surrendered.

On 15 August 1945 Japan surrendered. Netaji left for East Asia's north, reportedly to reach the Soviet Union. As per the official account accepted by two inquiry committees (Shah Nawaz Committee 1956 and Khosla Commission 1970), he died from burns after his plane crashed at Taihoku (Taipei), Formosa (Taiwan) on 18 August 1945. The later Mukherjee Commission (1999–2005) doubted the crash story, but its finding was not accepted by the government. For exams, write 18 August 1945, Taihoku.

6. The Red Fort Trials (November 1945)

After the war, the British decided to court-martial captured INA officers for "waging war against the King-Emperor". The first and most famous trial was held at the Red Fort, Delhi, beginning November 1945. The three officers tried together were chosen, unwisely for the British, from three communities:

Officer	Community
Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal	Hindu
Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon	Sikh
Major General Shah Nawaz Khan	Muslim

The Congress formed an INA Defence Committee. The defence team included Bhulabhai Desai (chief counsel), Tej Bahadur Sapru, Jawaharlal Nehru (who wore his barrister's gown after roughly 25 years), Kailash Nath Katju and Asaf Ali.

The trial set off a country-wide storm. "Lal Qile se aayi awaz, Sahgal Dhillon Shah Nawaz" became a street slogan. Protest meetings, strikes and student demonstrations swept the cities; Calcutta saw serious firing on demonstrators in November 1945 and again in February 1946 (over the sentence on INA officer Abdul Rashid). Even the Muslim League joined the demand for release. Significantly, sympathy for the INA spread inside the British Indian armed forces themselves.

The court-martial found the three guilty and sentenced them to transportation for life, but Commander-in-Chief General Claude Auchinleck remitted the sentences and released them in January 1946. The British had won the case and lost the country: the trials showed that the loyalty of the Indian army could no longer be assumed. Exam-setters like the point that the three officers belonged to three different religions, which united public opinion across communities.

7. The RIN Revolt (February 1946)

The naval mutiny of 1946 is the single most asked fact-cluster from this chapter after Bose himself.

• Date: began 18 February 1946.
• Place: Bombay, on the signals training ship HMIS Talwar.
• Immediate causes: bad food, racial abuse by British officers (Commander King's insults are usually cited), poor service conditions. The arrest of rating B.C. Dutt, who had scrawled "Quit India" on the ship, added fuel.
• The ratings elected a Naval Central Strike Committee with M.S. Khan as president and Madan Singh as vice-president.
• The revolt spread fast: about 78 ships and 20 shore establishments, involving roughly 20,000 ratings, from Bombay to Karachi (HMIS Hindustan), Calcutta, Madras and Vizag. Ratings hoisted together the Congress, Muslim League and Communist flags on ships, a striking show of unity.
• The city of Bombay rose with them. The Communist Party called a general strike on 22 February; over 200 civilians died in police and military firing during two days of street clashes.
• Congress and League leaders did not support the mutiny. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Mohammad Ali Jinnah persuaded the ratings to surrender. The ratings gave up on 23 February 1946, with Patel's assurance that national parties would prevent victimisation (an assurance largely not honoured; most dismissed ratings were never reinstated by British or later governments until symbolic recognition decades on).
• Admiral J.H. Godfrey, Flag Officer Commanding RIN, had threatened to destroy the navy. British troops and the cruiser HMS Glasgow were moved in.

Why it matters historically: coming after the INA trials, the RIN revolt convinced the British that the armed forces, the final prop of the Raj, were no longer reliable. Within days, on 19 February 1946, the British government announced the Cabinet Mission to India. Attlee's declaration of a final transfer date followed in early 1947.

8. Other Upsurges of 1945–46

The RIN mutiny was the peak of a wave, not an isolated event. Note these for "which of the following happened in 1946" type questions:

• Royal Indian Air Force strikes (January 1946): RIAF men at Karachi, Bombay and other stations struck work over slow demobilisation and discrimination.
• Jabalpur army mutiny (February–March 1946): signals units of the army also showed unrest.
• Police strikes (1946): in Bihar, Delhi and elsewhere.
• Calcutta disturbances: 21–23 November 1945 (INA trial protests) and 11–13 February 1946 (against Abdul Rashid's sentence); students, workers and ordinary citizens fought pitched street battles.
• Tebhaga Movement (Bengal, 1946–47): sharecroppers led by the Kisan Sabha demanded two-thirds of the produce instead of half.
• Telangana Movement (1946–51): peasant uprising against the Nizam's landlords in Hyderabad state, communist-led.
• Widespread industrial strikes in 1946, the largest strike wave of the colonial period.

Together these upsurges showed three things: the masses had lost fear of the state, the armed forces and police shared the national mood, and continued British rule had become physically impossible. This is the standard explanation for the speed of British withdrawal in 1947.

9. High-Yield Odds and Ends

• Bose escaped from Calcutta in 1941; the escape plan is described in Sisir Bose's account. SSC frames this as "In which year did Bose escape from India?" Answer: 1941.
• Azad Hind Radio broadcast from Germany from 1942; from Singapore/Rangoon later. It was on this radio that Bose called Gandhi "Father of the Nation" (6 July 1944 broadcast from Rangoon), the first prominent use of the title for Gandhi.
• The INA's official name Azad Hind Fauj; the government's name Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind.
• Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport is at Kolkata; his birth anniversary, 23 January, is observed as Parakram Diwas (declared 2021).
• INA treasure/INA funds questions are rare; skip.
• Do not mix up Rasbihari Bose (Ghadar-era revolutionary, Delhi conspiracy case 1912, founder of IIL in Japan) with Subhas Bose. Exams deliberately place both in options.
• The Congress Radio (1942, Usha Mehta) belongs to Quit India, not to this chapter, but it appears as a confusing option in INA radio questions.
• Mohan Singh, after release, later joined the Congress and became a Rajya Sabha member. Not commonly asked, but the "first INA under Mohan Singh, 1942" fact is asked often.

Quick Revision — One-Line Facts

• Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 at Cuttack.
• He stood fourth in the ICS examination (1920) and resigned in 1921.
• His political guru was Chittaranjan Das.
• Bose was jailed in Mandalay (Burma) during 1924–27.
• He was Congress President at Haripura (1938) and Tripuri (1939).
• At Tripuri he defeated Pattabhi Sitaramayya; Gandhi called it his own defeat.
• Bose founded the Forward Bloc on 3 May 1939 at Calcutta.
• He escaped from Calcutta on 16–17 January 1941 disguised as Pathan "Muhammad Ziauddin".
• He travelled to Berlin under the Italian name Orlando Mazzotta.
• In Germany he set up the Free India Centre and Azad Hind Radio (1941–42).
• The Indian Independence League was headed by Rasbihari Bose; its Bangkok Conference was in June 1942.
• The first INA was formed in September 1942 under Captain Mohan Singh at Singapore.
• Rasbihari Bose handed over INA leadership to Subhas Bose on 4 July 1943 at Singapore.
• "Delhi Chalo" call: 5 July 1943, Singapore; "Give me blood…": July 1944, Burma.
• The Provisional Government of Azad Hind was proclaimed on 21 October 1943 at Singapore.
• Japan gave the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the Azad Hind Government; Bose renamed them Shaheed and Swaraj Dweep (December 1943).
• The all-women INA unit was the Rani Jhansi Regiment under Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan.
• The INA flag was first hoisted on Indian soil at Moirang, Manipur (14 April 1944).
• The Imphal-Kohima campaign failed by July 1944; Rangoon fell in May 1945.
• Bose reportedly died in an air crash at Taihoku (Taiwan) on 18 August 1945.
• The Red Fort trials began in November 1945 against Sahgal, Dhillon and Shah Nawaz Khan.
• The chief defence counsel at the Red Fort trial was Bhulabhai Desai.
• C-in-C Auchinleck remitted the INA officers' sentences (January 1946).
• The RIN revolt began on 18 February 1946 on HMIS Talwar at Bombay.
• The Naval Central Strike Committee was led by M.S. Khan (with Madan Singh as vice-president).
• Patel and Jinnah persuaded the naval ratings to surrender on 23 February 1946.
• Bose first called Gandhi "Father of the Nation" in a 1944 Azad Hind Radio broadcast.
• The INA marching song was "Kadam Kadam Badhaye Ja"; its motto: Ittehad, Itmad aur Qurbani.
• 23 January is now observed as Parakram Diwas.

Memory Tables

Table 1: Year → Event (Bose & INA Timeline)

Year	Event
1897	Bose born at Cuttack (23 January)
1920	Cleared ICS, fourth rank
1921	Resigned from ICS; joined C.R. Das
1924–27	Detention in Mandalay jail
1938	Congress President, Haripura session
1939	Congress President, Tripuri; resigned; founded Forward Bloc (3 May)
1941	Escaped Calcutta (January); reached Berlin (April)
1942	First INA formed under Mohan Singh (September); collapsed (December)
1943	Bose reached Singapore (2 July); took over INA (4 July); Azad Hind Government (21 October); Andamans handed over (November–December)
1944	INA flag at Moirang (14 April); Imphal-Kohima campaign failed (July); "Give me blood" speech
1945	Rangoon fell (May); Bose's reported death at Taihoku (18 August); Red Fort trials began (November)
1946	INA officers released (January); RIN revolt (18–23 February); Cabinet Mission announced (19 February)

Table 2: Person → Contribution

Person	Contribution
Rasbihari Bose	Headed Indian Independence League in Japan; handed INA to Subhas Bose (1943)
Captain Mohan Singh	Commander of the first INA (September–December 1942)
Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan	Commanded Rani Jhansi Regiment; Minister for Women's Affairs, Azad Hind Government
Shah Nawaz Khan	Commanded Subhas Brigade; Red Fort trial accused
P.K. Sahgal, G.S. Dhillon	Red Fort trial accused along with Shah Nawaz
Bhulabhai Desai	Chief defence counsel, INA trials
Shaukat Malik	Hoisted INA flag at Moirang (14 April 1944)
Abid Hasan	Bose's aide; credited with the greeting "Jai Hind"
M.S. Khan	President, Naval Central Strike Committee, RIN revolt 1946
B.C. Dutt	HMIS Talwar rating whose arrest sparked the RIN revolt
Sardar Patel & Jinnah	Persuaded RIN ratings to surrender (23 February 1946)
General Auchinleck	C-in-C who remitted the INA officers' sentences

Table 3: Place → Association

Place	Association
Cuttack	Bose's birthplace
Mandalay	Bose's jail (1924–27)
Haripura, Tripuri	Bose's Congress presidencies (1938, 1939)
Kabul, Berlin	Escape route and base in Europe (1941)
Tokyo, Bangkok	IIL conferences (March, June 1942)
Singapore	First INA (1942); Bose's takeover (1943); Azad Hind Government proclaimed
Rangoon	Azad Hind Government headquarters from January 1944
Port Blair	Tricolour hoisted by Bose (30 December 1943)
Moirang (Manipur)	First INA flag on Indian mainland soil (14 April 1944)
Imphal, Kohima	Failed Japanese-INA offensive (1944)
Taihoku (Taiwan)	Bose's reported air-crash death (18 August 1945)
Red Fort, Delhi	INA trials (November 1945)
Bombay (HMIS Talwar)	RIN revolt began (18 February 1946)

Practice MCQs

Q1. Subhas Chandra Bose was born at which place? (a) Calcutta (b) Cuttack (c) Midnapore (d) Dhaka

Q2. In which year did Subhas Bose resign from the Indian Civil Service? (a) 1919 (b) 1920 (c) 1921 (d) 1923

Q3. Subhas Bose defeated which leader in the Congress presidential election at the Tripuri session, 1939? (a) Rajendra Prasad (b) Pattabhi Sitaramayya (c) J.B. Kripalani (d) Abul Kalam Azad

Q4. The Forward Bloc was founded by Subhas Bose in which year? (a) 1937 (b) 1938 (c) 1939 (d) 1941

Q5. Under which assumed name did Bose escape from Calcutta in January 1941? (a) Orlando Mazzotta (b) Muhammad Ziauddin (c) Abid Hasan (d) Mian Akbar Shah

Q6. Who was the commander of the first Indian National Army formed in September 1942? (a) Rasbihari Bose (b) Shah Nawaz Khan (c) Mohan Singh (d) Prem Kumar Sahgal

Q7. Rasbihari Bose handed over the leadership of the INA to Subhas Chandra Bose at Singapore on: (a) 4 July 1943 (b) 21 October 1943 (c) 5 July 1944 (d) 2 July 1942

Q8. The Provisional Government of Azad Hind, proclaimed on 21 October 1943, was first recognised and supported by which set of powers? (a) The Allied powers, including the USA (b) Axis powers such as Japan and Germany (c) Neutral countries such as Sweden and Switzerland (d) The League of Nations

Q9. The all-women regiment of the INA was named after: (a) Sarojini Naidu (b) Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi (c) Rani Gaidinliu (d) Begum Hazrat Mahal

Q10. At which place in Manipur did the INA first hoist its flag on Indian soil on 14 April 1944? (a) Imphal (b) Kohima (c) Moirang (d) Ukhrul

Q11. Match the following and choose the correct code:

1. Red Fort trials — A. February 1946
2. RIN Revolt — B. November 1945
3. Azad Hind Government — C. October 1943 (a) 1-B, 2-A, 3-C (b) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C (c) 1-C, 2-A, 3-B (d) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A

Q12. Who among the following was NOT one of the three INA officers tried together at the Red Fort in November 1945? (a) Shah Nawaz Khan (b) Prem Kumar Sahgal (c) Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon (d) Mohan Singh

Q13. The RIN revolt of February 1946 began on which ship? (a) HMIS Hindustan (b) HMIS Talwar (c) HMIS Narbada (d) HMS Glasgow

Q14. Which two leaders persuaded the naval ratings to surrender on 23 February 1946? (a) Gandhi and Nehru (b) Patel and Jinnah (c) Azad and Rajagopalachari (d) Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan

Q15. Arrange the following events in the correct chronological order:

1. Formation of the Forward Bloc
2. Proclamation of the Azad Hind Government
3. RIN Revolt
4. Bose's escape from Calcutta (a) 1, 4, 2, 3 (b) 4, 1, 2, 3 (c) 1, 2, 4, 3 (d) 4, 2, 1, 3

Answer Key

Q	Answer	One-line reason
1	(b)	Bose was born at Cuttack, Odisha, on 23 January 1897.
2	(c)	He cleared the ICS in 1920 but resigned in April 1921.
3	(b)	Bose defeated Gandhi's candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya at Tripuri, 1939.
4	(c)	Forward Bloc was founded on 3 May 1939 at Calcutta.
5	(b)	He left Calcutta disguised as Pathan insurance agent Muhammad Ziauddin; Orlando Mazzotta was his later Italian passport name.
6	(c)	Captain Mohan Singh commanded the first INA (September 1942).
7	(a)	The handover took place on 4 July 1943 at Singapore.
8	(b)	Nine Axis and Axis-allied governments, led by Japan, recognised it.
9	(b)	The Rani Jhansi Regiment honoured Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi.
10	(c)	Colonel Shaukat Malik's group hoisted the flag at Moirang.
11	(a)	Red Fort trials: Nov 1945; RIN revolt: Feb 1946; Azad Hind Govt: Oct 1943.
12	(d)	Mohan Singh led the first INA but was not among the three Red Fort accused.
13	(b)	The revolt began on the signals training ship HMIS Talwar at Bombay on 18 February 1946.
14	(b)	Sardar Patel and Jinnah jointly advised the ratings to surrender.
15	(a)	Forward Bloc 1939 → escape 1941 → Azad Hind Government 1943 → RIN revolt 1946.