Peasant, Tribal & Other Uprisings before 1857

Why This Chapter Matters

SSC and RRB treat this chapter as a bank of one-line factual questions. The pattern is fixed: name of the uprising with its leader, its year, or its region. "Who led the Santhal rebellion?", "Where did the Kol uprising take place?", "The Paika rebellion of 1817 broke out in which state?" are the standard forms. Expect 1 question from this chapter in most SSC CGL/CHSL shifts and in RRB NTPC General Awareness; in some exam cycles the Paika rebellion and the Santhal Hul have appeared repeatedly because of their anniversary years.

The sub-topics that repeat most are the Santhal rebellion (Sidhu and Kanhu), the Kol uprising, the Paika rebellion (Bakshi Jagabandhu), the Sanyasi revolt and its link with the novel Anandamath, the Indigo revolt and the play Nil Darpan, the Vellore Mutiny of 1806, and the founders of the Wahhabi, Faraizi, and Kuka movements. Match-the-pair questions dominate here, so the tables at the end of this chapter are your main weapon. Note one thing at the start: the Kuka movement and the Indigo revolt actually peak after 1857, but exams club them with this topic, so we cover them here.

1. Why Revolts Broke Out Before 1857

The Revolt of 1857 was not a bolt from the blue. For a full century before it, some part of India was almost always in revolt. The causes were common across regions:

• Land revenue pressure: New settlements (Permanent Settlement 1793, Ryotwari, Mahalwari) demanded high revenue in cash. Peasants who failed to pay lost their land.
• Entry of outsiders into tribal areas: Moneylenders, traders, and revenue farmers, whom the tribals called dikus, took over tribal land. New forest laws restricted shifting cultivation.
• Destruction of old elites: Zamindars, poligars, and chiefs who lost estates and privileges led many risings.
• Ruin of artisans: Cheap machine-made imports destroyed handloom weavers, who joined agrarian revolts.
• Religious grievances: Fear of interference with religion sparked the Vellore Mutiny and gave colour to the Wahhabi and Faraizi movements.

These uprisings were local, isolated, and backward-looking. They fought to restore an older order, not to build a new nation. They lacked modern organisation and modern weapons, so the Company crushed each one separately. Still, they kept alive a tradition of resistance that fed into 1857 and later into the national movement.

2. Uprisings with a Religious Colour

Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800), Bengal

The earliest major rising against Company rule. After the Battle of Buxar (1764) and especially after the terrible Bengal Famine of 1770, displaced peasants, disbanded soldiers, and dispossessed zamindars joined wandering sanyasis and fakirs in raiding Company treasuries and kutcheries in Bengal and Bihar. The immediate grievance of the sanyasis was the Company's restriction on pilgrimage and its heavy revenue demand.

• Leaders: Majnu Shah (fakir leader), Chirag Ali, Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak, and the woman leader Debi Chaudhurani.
• Warren Hastings carried out prolonged operations to suppress it; the revolt petered out by around 1800.
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel Anandamath (1882), which contains the song Vande Mataram, is set against the Sanyasi revolt. This literary link is a favourite exam question.
• Because fakirs (Muslim mendicants) under Majnu Shah fought alongside sanyasis, some books call the fakir wing the Fakir Rebellion.

Faraizi Movement (from 1818), East Bengal

Founded by Haji Shariatullah of Faridpur district (East Bengal, now Bangladesh). "Faraizi" comes from farz, the obligatory duties of Islam. It began as a religious purification movement among Muslim peasants but turned into an agrarian struggle against Hindu zamindars, moneylenders, and British indigo planters.

• His son Dudu Miyan (Muhsinuddin Ahmad) organised the movement from 1840 onwards into a hierarchy of village units, declared that land belongs to God and that levying rent on it had no sanction, and asked peasants not to pay extra cesses to zamindars.
• Dudu Miyan was arrested several times; after his death in 1862 the movement declined into a purely religious body under his successors.

Wahhabi Movement (1820s–1870)

An Islamic revivalist movement in India, properly called Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya, led by Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli (Barelvi) (1786–1831). He was influenced by the teachings of Shah Waliullah of Delhi through Shah Abdul Aziz.

• Syed Ahmed declared India Dar-ul-Harb (land of the enemy) and called for jihad, directed first against the Sikh kingdom of Punjab and after its annexation (1849) against the British.
• He set up his base at Sittana on the north-west frontier and died fighting the Sikhs at the Battle of Balakot (1831).
• Patna became the movement's main centre in India, run by leaders such as Wilayat Ali and Enayat Ali, who sent men and money to the frontier for decades.
• The British mounted repeated military expeditions and then broke the network through a series of state trials in the 1860s (Ambala 1864, Patna 1865). The movement was effectively finished by the early 1870s.

Pagal Panthis (1825–1835), Mymensingh

A semi-religious sect founded by Karam Shah; his son Tipu Shah led the Hajong and Garo tribal peasants of Mymensingh district (Bengal) against oppressive zamindari demands. Tipu asked cultivators to pay no rent above a fixed low rate and set up his own rule for a time. The rising was put down by the mid-1830s.

Moplah (Mappila) Uprisings (1836–1854), Malabar

The Moplahs are the Muslim cultivating tenants of Malabar (Kerala). High revenue, insecurity of tenure, and eviction by Hindu landlords (jenmis) backed by British courts produced about 22 outbreaks between 1836 and 1854. Each outbreak was small, violent, and directed at landlords and officials. The British appointed the T.L. Strange Commission (1852), which blamed religious fanaticism rather than agrarian misery, so nothing changed. Remember for later: the biggest Moplah rebellion came in 1921, during the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat period; that belongs to a later chapter.

3. Uprisings in South India

Poligar Revolts (1795–1805), Tamil Nadu

The poligars (palaiyakkarars) were hereditary military chiefs of the Tamil country who lost their right to collect revenue and keep armed men when the Company took over the Carnatic.

• The first and most famous rising was led by Veerapandiya Kattabomman, poligar of Panchalankurichi (Tirunelveli region). After a fierce campaign he was captured and hanged in 1799 at Kayattar.
• A wider second Poligar war (1800–1801), sometimes called the South Indian Rebellion, was led by the Marudu brothers (Periya Marudu and Chinna Marudu) of Sivaganga and Oomaithurai, Kattabomman's brother. They were captured and executed in 1801.
• After suppression, the Carnatic came fully under Company rule through the Carnatic Treaty of 1801.

Diwan Velu Thampi's Revolt (1808–1809), Travancore

Velu Thampi Dalawa, the Diwan of Travancore, rose against the burden of the Subsidiary Alliance payments and the interference of the British Resident. In January 1809 he issued the Kundara Proclamation, an open call to the people to rise against the British. The Company's forces defeated his troops; Velu Thampi died rather than surrender. SSC likes the pair "Kundara Proclamation — Velu Thampi".

Vellore Mutiny (10 July 1806)

The first big mutiny of Indian sepoys against the Company, half a century before 1857, at Vellore fort (Madras Presidency).

• Immediate cause: new dress regulations. Sepoys were ordered to wear a new round turban with a leather cockade, to shave beards, and to remove caste marks. They read this as an attack on religion.
• The sepoys killed over a hundred British officers and men and raised the flag of Mysore, proclaiming Fateh Hyder, a son of Tipu Sultan (Tipu's sons were lodged in Vellore fort).
• The mutiny was crushed the same day by cavalry rushed from Arcot under Colonel Gillespie.
• Aftermath: the offending orders were withdrawn; Madras Governor William Bentinck and the Commander-in-Chief were recalled. Yes, the same Bentinck later returned as Governor-General (1828).

Kittur Rising (1824), Karnataka

Rani Chennamma of Kittur (near Belgaum) fought the Company when it refused to recognise her adopted son and moved to take over the state, an early use of the logic later formalised as the Doctrine of Lapse. She defeated the first British attack in 1824 but was then captured and died in prison. Her lieutenant Sangolli Rayanna carried on guerrilla resistance until he was caught and hanged in 1831. Chennamma is a regular RRB question.

4. Peasant Uprisings in the East

Rangpur Dhing (1783), Bengal

Peasants of Rangpur and Dinajpur rose against the extortionate revenue contractor (ijaradar) Debi Singh. They elected Nurul Uddin as their leader (calling him Nawab), stopped paying revenue, and attacked kutcheries. The rising was suppressed within weeks, but it forced an inquiry into Debi Singh's oppression. It is among the first organised peasant "dhings" (risings) under Company rule.

Paika Rebellion (1817), Odisha

The Paikas were the hereditary militia of the Gajapati kings of Khurda (Odisha), holding rent-free land in return for military service. After the Company conquered Odisha in 1803, it took away these service lands, imposed new revenue demands, and pushed up salt prices.

• Leader: Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar, the hereditary military chief of the Raja of Khurda.
• In March 1817 the Paikas, joined by the Khond tribals, attacked police stations and government offices and briefly drove the British out of the Khurda area.
• The revolt was suppressed by mid-1817; Jagabandhu remained a fugitive for years and finally surrendered in 1825.
• In recent years the Government of India has commemorated the Paika Rebellion prominently (200th anniversary in 2017), and exams picked it up immediately. Odisha-based questions on this topic are common in RRB.

Indigo Revolt (1859–1860), Bengal

Strictly after 1857, but always asked with this chapter. European indigo planters forced Bengal peasants to grow indigo on their best land under advance contracts (the tinkathia-like system in Bengal was called cultivation under dadon advances) at prices that guaranteed loss.

• The revolt began in 1859 at Govindpur village in Nadia district, led by Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas, who organised ryots to refuse to sow indigo.
• The strike spread across Bengal in 1860. It was remarkably disciplined and largely non-violent, and it won open sympathy from the Bengali intelligentsia and missionaries.
• Harish Chandra Mukherjee, editor of the Hindoo Patriot, championed the ryots in print.
• Dinabandhu Mitra's play Nil Darpan (1860) exposed planter atrocities. Its English translation was published by Rev. James Long, who was tried and imprisoned for it; Michael Madhusudan Dutt did the translation.
• The government appointed the Indigo Commission (1860), which admitted the coercion and ruled that ryots could not be forced to grow indigo. Indigo planting collapsed in Bengal and shifted to Bihar (where Gandhi met it at Champaran in 1917).

The Indigo revolt is the model "successful peasant movement" of the 19th century: limited aim, mass discipline, middle-class support, and a favourable commission report.

5. Tribal Uprisings

Tribal revolts were the most violent and the most frequent. The common enemy was the diku (outsider): moneylender, trader, revenue farmer, and the colonial state behind them.

Bhil Uprisings (1818–1831), Western India

The Bhils of Khandesh and the Western Ghats rose repeatedly after the British occupied Khandesh in 1818, resenting the new regime and famine conditions. One leader, Sewaram, is named in exam books. Risings recurred through the 1820s and again in 1831 and 1846.

Ramosi Risings (1822–1841), Maharashtra

The Ramosis, who had served as hill police under the Marathas, lost employment after the fall of the Peshwa (1818). Chittur Singh led a rising around Satara in 1822. The better-known leader Umaji Naik of the Poona region ran a prolonged rebellion from the mid-1820s; he was captured and hanged in 1832.

Ahom Revolt (1828), Assam

The Company had promised to withdraw from Assam after the First Burma War (Treaty of Yandabo, 1826) but stayed on. The Ahom nobility under Gomdhar Konwar planned to restore the Ahom monarchy and rose in 1828. The rising was suppressed, but the Company conciliated the Ahoms by handing Upper Assam to Maharaja Purandar Singh (1833).

Khasi Rising (1829–1833), Meghalaya hills

The British began a military road linking the Brahmaputra valley to Sylhet through the Khasi hills. The Khasi chief U Tirot Sing (chief of Nunklow), supported by Garos and others, fought a four-year guerrilla war from 1829. He was captured in 1833 and died in confinement at Dhaka.

Kol Uprising (1831–1832), Chotanagpur

The Kols (with Mundas, Oraons, and Hos) of Chotanagpur (Jharkhand) rose when their headmen's lands were transferred to outsider farmers, Sikh and Muslim revenue contractors, backed by new courts and taxes.

• Leaders: Buddho Bhagat, Joa Bhagat, Sui Munda.
• The insurgents attacked and burned the settlements of the dikus across Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, and Palamau.
• Suppression required large-scale military operations. One administrative result was the creation of the South-West Frontier Agency (1833), a non-regulation province for the tribal tracts.

Khond Uprising (1837–1856), Odisha

The Khonds of the hill tracts of Ghumsar (Odisha) fought British attempts to suppress their practice of Meriah (human sacrifice) and to impose new taxes. Their leader was Chakra Bisoi, who evaded capture for years; the rising faded after he disappeared in the mid-1850s.

Santhal Rebellion / Hul (1855–1856), Rajmahal Hills

The most serious tribal rebellion before 1857, and the single most asked uprising in this chapter.

• The Santhals had been settled by the British in the forested Daman-i-Koh area of the Rajmahal hills (present Jharkhand–Bengal border). Zamindars, moneylenders (with fraudulent bonds and 50–500 per cent interest), and police soon reduced them to bondage.
• On 30 June 1855, at Bhognadih, the brothers Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu (with brothers Chand and Bhairav and sisters Phulo and Jhano) declared an end to Company rule and marched with tens of thousands of Santhals, armed with bows and axes, killing moneylenders and burning records.
• The government declared martial law. Suppression was brutal; Sidhu and Kanhu were captured and killed by 1856. Santhal casualties ran into thousands.
• Administrative result: the creation of the separate district of Santhal Parganas (1856) with special tenancy protections, an admission that ordinary laws had failed the Santhals.
• The Santhals called the rebellion the "Hul". Exams ask the leaders, the year, the region, and the term Hul.

Keep the two big Jharkhand risings separate in your head: Kol 1831–32 (Buddho Bhagat) and Santhal 1855–56 (Sidhu-Kanhu). The famous Munda rising of Birsa Munda (1899–1900) comes much later; do not mix it into this chapter.

6. The Kuka (Namdhari) Movement, Punjab

The Kuka or Namdhari movement was founded in 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal, called Sian Saheb, in western Punjab; his associate Baba Balak Singh of Hazro carried it forward. It began as a movement to purify Sikhism: abolition of caste distinctions, simple weddings, opposition to meat, liquor, and drugs.

• After the British annexed Punjab (1849), the movement under Baba Ram Singh (headquarters at Bhaini Sahib, near Ludhiana) acquired a political edge. Ram Singh asked followers to boycott British courts, schools, mill-made cloth, and government service, decades before Gandhi made non-cooperation famous. Followers wore white handspun clothes.
• Kukas attacked cattle slaughterhouses, and in January 1872 a band of Kukas raided Malaudh and Malerkotla. The Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana, L. Cowan, had around 65 captured Kukas blown from guns or executed at Malerkotla without proper trial, an act condemned even in Britain.
• Baba Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon (Burma), where he died in 1885.

The Kuka movement is technically post-1857 in its political phase, but SSC lists it with the pre-1857 popular movements, and the pair "Kuka movement — Baba Ram Singh" is a stock question.

7. Character and Limits of These Uprisings

Three points, asked as "which statement is correct" questions:

1. They were local and never coordinated. The Santhals did not know of the Khonds; the Poligars had no link with Bengal. The Company defeated them one by one.
2. Leadership was traditional: dispossessed chiefs, religious preachers, tribal headmen. The aim was usually restoration of the old order, not political independence in the modern sense.
3. They were not futile. They forced administrative concessions (Santhal Parganas 1856, Indigo Commission 1860, withdrawal of the Vellore dress orders) and created memories of resistance that the national movement later drew upon.

Quick Revision — One-Line Facts

• Sanyasi revolt (1763–1800): Bengal-Bihar; leaders Majnu Shah, Bhawani Pathak, Debi Chaudhurani.
• Bankim Chandra's Anandamath (1882), source of Vande Mataram, is based on the Sanyasi revolt.
• Rangpur Dhing 1783: Bengal peasants against revenue contractor Debi Singh; leader Nurul Uddin.
• Poligar revolt leader Veerapandiya Kattabomman of Panchalankurichi was hanged in 1799.
• Second Poligar war (1800–01): Marudu brothers of Sivaganga and Oomaithurai.
• Vellore Mutiny: 10 July 1806; cause: new turban and dress rules; sepoys proclaimed Tipu's son Fateh Hyder.
• Vellore mutiny was crushed the same day by Colonel Gillespie from Arcot.
• Velu Thampi (Diwan of Travancore) issued the Kundara Proclamation, 1809.
• Paika Rebellion 1817, Khurda (Odisha); leader Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar.
• Rani Chennamma of Kittur fought the British in 1824; her lieutenant was Sangolli Rayanna.
• Ahom revolt 1828 (Assam): leader Gomdhar Konwar; Upper Assam restored to Purandar Singh in 1833.
• Khasi rising 1829–33: leader U Tirot Sing, against the Brahmaputra–Sylhet road.
• Kol uprising 1831–32, Chotanagpur; leaders Buddho Bhagat, Joa Bhagat, Sui Munda.
• Ramosi leader Umaji Naik (Poona region) was hanged in 1832.
• Pagal Panthis (Mymensingh): founded by Karam Shah; led by his son Tipu Shah.
• Faraizi movement: founded by Haji Shariatullah of Faridpur; son Dudu Miyan said "land belongs to God".
• Wahhabi movement: Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli; died at Balakot, 1831; Indian centre Patna.
• Wahhabis called British India Dar-ul-Harb; the network was broken by state trials in the 1860s.
• Khond uprising (Odisha, 1837–56): leader Chakra Bisoi; against suppression of Meriah sacrifice.
• Moplah outbreaks: Malabar, Kerala; about 22 outbreaks between 1836 and 1854.
• Santhal Hul began 30 June 1855 at Bhognadih; leaders Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.
• Result of Santhal rebellion: creation of Santhal Parganas district, 1856.
• Indigo revolt 1859–60 began at Govindpur village, Nadia (Bengal); leaders Digambar and Bishnu Biswas.
• Nil Darpan (1860) by Dinabandhu Mitra; English version published by Rev. James Long.
• Hindoo Patriot editor Harish Chandra Mukherjee supported the indigo ryots.
• Indigo Commission, 1860, ruled that ryots could not be compelled to grow indigo.
• Kuka (Namdhari) movement founded 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (Sian Saheb).
• Kuka leader Baba Ram Singh (Bhaini Sahib) was deported to Rangoon, died 1885.
• In 1872 about 65 Kukas were blown from guns at Malerkotla on the orders of L. Cowan.
• Tribals used the word "diku" for exploiting outsiders (moneylenders, traders, contractors).

Memory Tables

Table 1: Uprising → Year → Region → Leader(s)

Uprising	Year(s)	Region	Leader(s)
Sanyasi revolt	1763–1800	Bengal, Bihar	Majnu Shah, Bhawani Pathak, Debi Chaudhurani
Rangpur Dhing	1783	Rangpur, Bengal	Nurul Uddin
Poligar revolts	1795–1805	Tamil Nadu	Kattabomman; Marudu brothers
Vellore Mutiny	1806	Vellore, Madras Presidency	Sepoys (name of Fateh Hyder)
Velu Thampi's revolt	1808–09	Travancore	Velu Thampi Dalawa
Paika rebellion	1817	Khurda, Odisha	Bakshi Jagabandhu
Bhil uprisings	1818–31	Khandesh	Sewaram
Ramosi risings	1822–41	Maharashtra	Chittur Singh, Umaji Naik
Kittur rising	1824	Karnataka	Rani Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna
Pagal Panthis	1825–35	Mymensingh, Bengal	Karam Shah, Tipu Shah
Ahom revolt	1828	Assam	Gomdhar Konwar
Khasi rising	1829–33	Khasi hills	U Tirot Sing
Kol uprising	1831–32	Chotanagpur	Buddho Bhagat
Khond uprising	1837–56	Ghumsar, Odisha	Chakra Bisoi
Moplah outbreaks	1836–54	Malabar, Kerala	Local Mappila leaders
Santhal Hul	1855–56	Rajmahal hills	Sidhu, Kanhu Murmu
Indigo revolt	1859–60	Nadia, Bengal	Digambar & Bishnu Biswas
Kuka movement	1840 onwards	Punjab	Jawahar Mal; Baba Ram Singh

Table 2: Religious-Reform-Cum-Agrarian Movements

Movement	Founder	Later leader	Base	Key idea
Faraizi	Haji Shariatullah	Dudu Miyan	Faridpur, East Bengal	Land belongs to God; no illegal cesses
Wahhabi (Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya)	Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli	Wilayat Ali, Enayat Ali	Patna (frontier base: Sittana)	India as Dar-ul-Harb; jihad
Pagal Panthi	Karam Shah	Tipu Shah	Mymensingh	Fixed low rent; equality
Kuka (Namdhari)	Bhagat Jawahar Mal	Baba Ram Singh	Bhaini Sahib, Punjab	Purify Sikhism; boycott British goods and courts

Table 3: Uprising → Associated Book/Document/Result

Item	Association
Anandamath (1882)	Sanyasi revolt
Kundara Proclamation (1809)	Velu Thampi
Nil Darpan (1860)	Indigo revolt
Santhal Parganas district (1856)	Santhal rebellion
Indigo Commission (1860)	Indigo revolt
South-West Frontier Agency (1833)	Kol uprising
T.L. Strange Commission (1852)	Moplah outbreaks

Practice MCQs

Q1. Who were the leaders of the Santhal rebellion of 1855–56? (a) Buddho Bhagat and Joa Bhagat (b) Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu (c) Chakra Bisoi and Nurul Uddin (d) Birsa Munda and Gaya Munda

Q2. The Paika Rebellion of 1817, led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, took place in which present-day state? (a) West Bengal (b) Bihar (c) Odisha (d) Andhra Pradesh

Q3. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel Anandamath is based on which uprising? (a) Indigo revolt (b) Santhal rebellion (c) Sanyasi revolt (d) Faraizi movement

Q4. The Vellore Mutiny of 1806 broke out mainly because of: (a) delay in payment of sepoys' salaries (b) new dress regulations seen as an attack on religion (c) the annexation of Mysore (d) the introduction of the Enfield rifle

Q5. Veerapandiya Kattabomman, hanged by the British in 1799, was a poligar of: (a) Sivaganga (b) Panchalankurichi (c) Kittur (d) Khurda

Q6. The Faraizi movement in East Bengal was founded by: (a) Dudu Miyan (b) Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli (c) Haji Shariatullah (d) Karam Shah

Q7. Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli, leader of the Wahhabi movement, died in 1831 at the Battle of: (a) Buxar (b) Balakot (c) Aliwal (d) Sobraon

Q8. The Kundara Proclamation of 1809, calling on the people to rise against the British, was issued by: (a) Rani Chennamma (b) Velu Thampi (c) Bakshi Jagabandhu (d) the Marudu brothers

Q9. The Indigo revolt of 1859–60 began at Govindpur village in which district of Bengal? (a) Nadia (b) Faridpur (c) Rangpur (d) Mymensingh

Q10. Match the pairs:

1. Kol uprising — A. Chakra Bisoi
2. Khond uprising — B. Buddho Bhagat
3. Ahom revolt — C. U Tirot Sing
4. Khasi rising — D. Gomdhar Konwar (a) 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C (b) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D (c) 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D (d) 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A

Q11. The play Nil Darpan, which depicted the oppression of indigo ryots, was written by: (a) Michael Madhusudan Dutt (b) Harish Chandra Mukherjee (c) Dinabandhu Mitra (d) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Q12. Baba Ram Singh, leader of the Kuka movement, was deported by the British to: (a) Andaman Islands (b) Aden (c) Rangoon (d) Mauritius

Q13. Arrange the following in correct chronological order:

1. Santhal rebellion 2. Vellore Mutiny 3. Kol uprising 4. Paika rebellion (a) 2, 4, 3, 1 (b) 4, 2, 3, 1 (c) 2, 3, 4, 1 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1

Q14. Which of the following statements about the Wahhabi movement is NOT correct? (a) Its Indian centre was at Patna (b) It declared British India Dar-ul-Harb (c) It was suppressed through a series of state trials in the 1860s (d) Its founder was killed fighting the British at Balakot

Q15. Consider the pairs: 1. Pagal Panthis — Mymensingh; 2. Moplah outbreaks — Malabar; 3. Ramosi risings — Chotanagpur. Which of the pairs is/are correctly matched? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer Key

Q	Answer	One-line reason
1	(b)	Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu launched the Hul at Bhognadih on 30 June 1855.
2	(c)	The Paikas were the militia of Khurda in Odisha.
3	(c)	Anandamath (1882) is set against the Sanyasi revolt of Bengal.
4	(b)	New turban, beard, and caste-mark orders were seen as religious interference.
5	(b)	Kattabomman was the poligar of Panchalankurichi (Tirunelveli region).
6	(c)	Haji Shariatullah of Faridpur founded it; Dudu Miyan was his son and successor.
7	(b)	He fell fighting the Sikhs at Balakot in 1831.
8	(b)	Velu Thampi, Diwan of Travancore, issued it in January 1809.
9	(a)	Digambar and Bishnu Biswas began the strike at Govindpur, Nadia.
10	(a)	Kol–Buddho Bhagat, Khond–Chakra Bisoi, Ahom–Gomdhar Konwar, Khasi–Tirot Sing.
11	(c)	Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Nil Darpan (1860); James Long published the translation.
12	(c)	Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon after the 1872 Malerkotla incident.
13	(a)	Vellore 1806 → Paika 1817 → Kol 1831–32 → Santhal 1855–56.
14	(d)	Syed Ahmed died fighting the Sikhs, not the British, at Balakot.
15	(a)	Ramosi risings occurred in Maharashtra, not Chotanagpur.