Study Guide · Chapter 12
Appendix A — Consolidated Formula Cheat-Sheet
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Keep this single page open during timed practice until every formula is automatic. It compresses Sections 2–4 into one lookup table.
| Structure | Active formula | Passive formula |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | S + V1(s/es) + O | O + is/am/are + V3 |
| Present Continuous | S + is/am/are + V-ing + O | O + is/am/are + being + V3 |
| Present Perfect | S + has/have + V3 + O | O + has/have + been + V3 |
| Present Perfect Continuous | S + has/have + been + V-ing + O | (avoid) has/have + been + being + V3 |
| Simple Past | S + V2 + O | O + was/were + V3 |
| Past Continuous | S + was/were + V-ing + O | O + was/were + being + V3 |
| Past Perfect | S + had + V3 + O | O + had + been + V3 |
| Past Perfect Continuous | S + had + been + V-ing + O | (avoid) had + been + being + V3 |
| Simple Future | S + will/shall + V1 + O | O + will/shall + be + V3 |
| Future Continuous | S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O | (avoid) will/shall + be + being + V3 |
| Future Perfect | S + will/shall + have + V3 + O | O + will/shall + have + been + V3 |
| Future Perfect Continuous | S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + O | (not used) |
| Modal (simple) | S + modal + V1 + O | O + modal + be + V3 |
| Modal (negative) | S + modal + not + V1 + O | O + modal + not + be + V3 |
| Modal (perfect) | S + modal + have + V3 + O | O + modal + have + been + V3 |
| Modal (perfect, negative) | S + modal + not + have + V3 + O | O + modal + not + have + been + V3 |
| Imperative (command) | V1 + O | Let + O + be + V3 |
| Imperative (negative) | Do not + V1 + O | Let + O + not + be + V3 |
| Yes/No question | Aux + S + V + O? | Aux + O + be + V3 + by agent? |
| Wh-question (object) | Wh + aux + S + V...? | Wh + aux + O + be + V3...? |
| Wh-question ("who" as agent) | Who + V + O? | By whom + aux + O + V3? |
| Two-object sentence | S + V + IO + DO | IO + be + V3 + DO (preferred), or DO + be + V3 + to/for + IO |
| Perception verb + bare infinitive | S + V(see/hear/watch) + O + V1 | O + be + V3 + to + V1 |
| Reporting ("people say that...") | S(people) + say/believe + that-clause | It + is + said/believed + that-clause, or Subject-of-clause + is said/believed + to + infinitive |
| "Get" passive | Someone + V + O (sudden/informal) | O + get/got + V3 |
| Reported speech (active original) | "I do X," S said | S said (that) S(shifted) did X (back-shifted tense) |
| Reported speech (passive original) | "O is/was done," S said | S said (that) O had been/was done (back-shifted, voice preserved) |
| Causative ("have") | S + have/has/had + O + V3 | (already complete — not further passivized) |
| Causative ("get") | S + get/gets/got + O + V3 | (already complete — not further passivized) |
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