10. Frequently Tested Vocabulary and Collocation Consolidation

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This section gathers, in one place, the highest-yield word groups introduced across the guide, purely for rapid last-minute scanning. It is not meant to be read start to finish — treat it as an index to revisit in the final week before an exam.

Category	Sample items to keep fresh in memory
Fixed prepositions after verbs	responsible for, prepare for, differ from, dissatisfied with, cope with, entrusted with, compensate for
Fixed prepositions after adjectives	keen on, capable of, aware of, confident of, eligible for, exempt from, prone to
Conjunctions of contrast	however, nevertheless, although, though, whereas, on the other hand
Conjunctions of cause/result	because, since, as, therefore, consequently, hence, so...that
Conjunctions of purpose	so that, in order that, lest
Correlative pairs	not only...but also, no sooner...than, hardly...when, either...or, neither...nor
High-frequency collocations	pay attention, take into account, in accordance with, bear in mind, give rise to, meet the requirements, subject to, at the discretion of
Register-sensitive pairs (formal/informal)	purchase/buy, commence/start, utilise/use, assist/help, request/ask
Intensity ladders	annoyed → irritated → furious → livid; happy → glad → delighted → ecstatic
Common cloze idioms	make sense of, come to terms with, break the news, raise an objection, strike a balance
Article-sensitive abstract nouns	information, advice, knowledge, evidence, furniture (all typically no article in the general sense)
Words frequently confused by spelling/sound	affect/effect, respectively/respectfully, farther/further, later/latter, than/then
Modal verbs by shade of meaning	must (obligation), need not (no obligation), must not (prohibition), may/might (possibility), can/could (ability, or polite request)
Relative pronouns by function	who (person, subject), whom (person, object), whose (possessive), which (thing), that (defining clauses only)
Determiner/quantifier pairs	much/many, little/few, a little/a few, some/any, every/each
Idiomatic openers common in editorial passages	by and large, if anything, all things considered, for the most part, on the whole

10.1 Glossary of Grammatical Terms Used in This Guide

For candidates who find some of the grammatical vocabulary in Sections 3 and 4 unfamiliar, this glossary defines every recurring term in plain language, in the order it is most likely to be needed.

Term	Plain-language definition
Blank	The gap in a cloze passage where a word or phrase has been removed.
Collocation	A pairing of words that fluent English habitually uses together, without a logical grammatical reason.
Register	The overall level of formality of a piece of writing — formal, neutral, or informal.
Connotation	The emotional shading (positive, negative, or neutral) a word carries beyond its literal meaning.
Countable noun	A noun that can be counted individually and take a plural form (candidate/candidates).
Uncountable noun	A noun that cannot be counted individually or pluralised in the ordinary way (information, advice).
Collective noun	A singular noun referring to a group of individuals (committee, staff, board).
Correlative conjunction	A conjunction used in a fixed pair (not only...but also, either...or).
Subordinating conjunction	A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause (because, although, if).
Coordinating conjunction	A conjunction that joins two independent clauses of equal weight (and, but, so).
Passive voice	A sentence structure where the subject receives the action rather than performing it.
Active voice	A sentence structure where the subject performs the action.
Modal verb	A helping verb expressing obligation, possibility, permission, or ability (must, may, can, should).
Relative pronoun	A pronoun introducing a clause that describes a noun (who, whom, whose, which, that).
Defining clause	A relative clause essential to identifying which specific noun is meant, with no surrounding commas.
Non-defining clause	A relative clause adding extra, non-essential information, set off by commas.
Reduced relative clause	A relative clause with the relative pronoun and "to be" omitted (e.g. "the officer [who was] consulted").
Correlative inversion	Subject-auxiliary word-order reversal triggered by certain fronted negative words (never, no sooner).
Determiner	A word that introduces and specifies a noun (a, the, some, every, much, few).
Idiom	A fixed expression whose overall meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words.
Register ladder	A scale showing how the same idea is expressed at increasing levels of formality.
New-pattern cloze	A cloze format where one option, or one pair of options, must correctly fill two separate, related blanks.

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