Exam Traps & Commonly Confused Pairs — SSC-Specific Pitfalls

Why This Chapter Matters

Every earlier chapter in this book taught you one subject in depth. This one does something different: it compresses the entire syllabus into scannable tables built for the last week before your exam, when you no longer have time to reread full chapters but desperately need to refresh dates, capitals, articles, and one-liners under time pressure. SSC CGL's General Awareness section rewards exactly this kind of rapid-recall ability — a question gives you four seconds of real thinking time once you subtract reading and marking, and a well-organised table in your head beats a half-remembered paragraph every time.

The biggest mistake aspirants make with revision material like this is trying to read it once, cover to cover, like a story. It will not stick that way. Use this chapter the way a classical musician uses scales: run through one table, close the book, recall it out loud or on scrap paper, check yourself, then move to the next. Five focused passes over a fortnight beat one long read the night before. Keep this chapter dog-eared. You will return to it more than any other in the book.

1. Indian History Timeline — Dates That Actually Get Asked

History questions in SSC CGL rarely test essay-length narrative. They test a date-event-person triangle. Master the triangle, not the story.

Year	Event
2500-1500 BCE	Indus Valley Civilisation (mature phase)
563 BCE	Traditional birth year of Gautama Buddha
540 BCE	Traditional birth year of Mahavira
326 BCE	Alexander invades India, battle with Porus on the Jhelum
322 BCE	Chandragupta Maurya founds the Mauryan Empire
261 BCE	Kalinga War; Ashoka embraces Buddhism
320 CE	Chandragupta I founds the Gupta Empire
712 CE	Muhammad bin Qasim's invasion of Sindh
1191 & 1192	First and Second Battles of Tarain (Prithviraj Chauhan vs Muhammad Ghori)
1206	Qutb-ud-din Aibak establishes the Delhi Sultanate
1526	First Battle of Panipat; Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodi, founds the Mughal Empire
1556	Second Battle of Panipat; Akbar's forces defeat Hemu
1600	English East India Company chartered
1757	Battle of Plassey; British power takes root in Bengal
1764	Battle of Buxar
1857	Revolt of 1857, India's First War of Independence
1858	Government of India Act; Crown takes direct control from the Company
1885	Indian National Congress founded
1905	Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon
1906	All India Muslim League founded
1911	Delhi Durbar; capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
1919	Jallianwala Bagh massacre; Rowlatt Act
1920	Non-Cooperation Movement launched
1930	Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha); Civil Disobedience Movement
1931	Gandhi-Irwin Pact; Second Round Table Conference
1942	Quit India Movement launched
1947	Independence, August 15
1950	Constitution of India comes into force, January 26

Exam trap: Students mix up the First Battle of Panipat (1526, Babur vs Ibrahim Lodi) with the Third Battle of Panipat (1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali vs the Marathas). Three battles, three centuries apart, three different outcomes — always check which "Panipat" the question means.

Memory hook: "Plassey plants, Buxar builds" — Plassey (1757) planted British political influence in Bengal; Buxar (1764) built on it, confirming British military supremacy over a combined Awadh-Bengal-Mughal force and leading directly to the Diwani of Bengal in 1765.

2. Indian States — Capitals, and the Governor-CM Framework

Every state in India runs on the same constitutional skeleton: a Governor as the constitutional head (appointed by the President, a nominal executive) and a Chief Minister as the real executive head, backed by an elected Legislative Assembly. Union Territories mostly work differently — most are administered by a Lieutenant Governor or Administrator appointed by the Centre, with only Delhi, Puducherry, and Jammu & Kashmir having their own elected Legislative Assemblies alongside a Lieutenant Governor.

State	Capital
Andhra Pradesh	Amaravati
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
Assam	Dispur
Bihar	Patna
Chhattisgarh	Raipur (Naya Raipur/Atal Nagar administrative hub)
Goa	Panaji
Gujarat	Gandhinagar
Haryana	Chandigarh (shared with Punjab)
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla (winter capital: Dharamshala)
Jharkhand	Ranchi
Karnataka	Bengaluru
Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal
Maharashtra	Mumbai (winter capital: Nagpur)
Manipur	Imphal
Meghalaya	Shillong
Mizoram	Aizawl
Nagaland	Kohima
Odisha	Bhubaneswar
Punjab	Chandigarh (shared with Haryana)
Rajasthan	Jaipur
Sikkim	Gangtok
Tamil Nadu	Chennai
Telangana	Hyderabad
Tripura	Agartala
Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow
Uttarakhand	Dehradun (Gairsain declared as summer capital)
West Bengal	Kolkata

Exam trap: Chandigarh serves as the capital for both Punjab and Haryana, but is itself a separate Union Territory, administered independently by the Centre. Do not assume it belongs to either state.

Union Territories

Union Territory	Capital/Administrative Centre
Delhi (NCT)	New Delhi
Jammu & Kashmir	Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)
Ladakh	Leh
Puducherry	Puducherry
Chandigarh	Chandigarh
Andaman & Nicobar Islands	Port Blair
Lakshadweep	Kavaratti
Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu	Daman

Memory hook: "Governors watch, Chief Ministers work." The Governor is a constitutional watchdog and the Centre's representative in the state; day-to-day governance runs through the elected Chief Minister and Council of Ministers, who are collectively responsible to the state's Legislative Assembly, not to the Governor.

Names of current CMs and Governors change with elections and reshuffles far too often for a printed book to lock in reliably — always verify the sitting Chief Minister and Governor of your home state and any state directly in the news, closer to your exam date.

3. Constitutional Articles — The Quick List

The Constitution runs to 448 Articles (originally 395) across 25 Parts and 12 Schedules after multiple amendments. SSC does not expect you to know every article; it expects instant recall of the frequently tested ones.

Article	Subject
Article 1	India as a "Union of States"
Article 14	Equality before law
Article 15	Prohibition of discrimination
Article 16	Equality of opportunity in public employment
Article 17	Abolition of untouchability
Article 19	Six fundamental freedoms (speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession)
Article 21	Right to life and personal liberty
Article 21A	Right to education (children aged 6-14)
Article 22	Protection against arrest and detention
Article 23-24	Right against exploitation; prohibition of child labour
Article 25-28	Right to freedom of religion
Article 29-30	Cultural and educational rights of minorities
Article 32	Right to constitutional remedies ("heart and soul" of the Constitution — Ambedkar)
Article 39A	Free legal aid (Directive Principle)
Article 40	Organisation of village panchayats (Directive Principle)
Article 44	Uniform Civil Code (Directive Principle)
Article 45	Early childhood care and education (Directive Principle)
Article 51A	Fundamental Duties
Article 52	The President of India
Article 61	Impeachment of the President
Article 72	President's pardoning power
Article 74	Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President
Article 76	Attorney General for India
Article 79	Composition of Parliament
Article 80	Composition of the Rajya Sabha
Article 81	Composition of the Lok Sabha
Article 110	Definition of a Money Bill
Article 123	President's power to promulgate Ordinances
Article 148	Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Article 152-167	State executive (Governor, CM, Council of Ministers)
Article 226	High Court's power to issue writs
Article 280	Finance Commission
Article 315-323	Public Service Commissions
Article 324	Election Commission of India
Article 325-326	Adult suffrage (universal adult franchise)
Article 343	Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of the Union
Article 352	National Emergency
Article 356	President's Rule in states
Article 360	Financial Emergency
Article 368	Procedure for constitutional amendment
Article 370	Special status once granted to Jammu & Kashmir (abrogated in effect, August 2019)

Exam trap: Do not confuse Article 352 (National Emergency, on grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion), Article 356 (President's Rule, on failure of constitutional machinery in a state), and Article 360 (Financial Emergency). Three separate emergencies, three separate trigger conditions, three separate Articles — SSC tests this trio constantly, usually by swapping the grounds.

Memory hook: "Life, Liberty, Remedy" — Articles 21, 19, and 32 form the practical spine of the Fundamental Rights chapter: the right you have (life and liberty), the freedoms that let you live it (19), and the tool to enforce it in court if it's violated (32, which Ambedkar called the heart and soul of the Constitution).

4. Major Rivers of India — Origin and Mouth

River	Origin	Mouth/Outflow
Ganga	Gangotri Glacier (Gaumukh), Uttarakhand	Bay of Bengal (via Sundarbans delta)
Yamuna	Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand	Merges with Ganga at Prayagraj (Allahabad)
Brahmaputra	Angsi Glacier, Tibet (known as Yarlung Tsangpo there)	Bay of Bengal, joins Ganga's delta system
Indus	Near Lake Mansarovar, Tibet	Arabian Sea (flows mostly through Pakistan)
Godavari	Trimbakeshwar, Nashik, Maharashtra	Bay of Bengal (called "Dakshin Ganga")
Krishna	Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra	Bay of Bengal
Kaveri (Cauvery)	Talakaveri, Western Ghats, Karnataka	Bay of Bengal
Narmada	Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh	Arabian Sea (Gulf of Khambhat)
Tapi (Tapti)	Multai, Betul district, Madhya Pradesh	Arabian Sea (Gulf of Khambhat)
Mahanadi	Sihawa, Chhattisgarh	Bay of Bengal
Chambal	Janapav Hills, Madhya Pradesh	Joins the Yamuna
Son	Amarkantak Plateau, Madhya Pradesh	Joins the Ganga near Patna
Beas	Beas Kund, Rohtang Pass, Himachal Pradesh	Joins the Sutlej
Sutlej	Rakas Lake, Tibet	Joins the Indus

Exam trap: Both the Narmada and Tapi are unusual because they flow west into the Arabian Sea through rift valleys, unlike most Indian peninsular rivers, which flow east into the Bay of Bengal. Any question testing "which Indian river flows west" almost always wants Narmada or Tapi.

Memory hook: "Narmada and Tapi run away from the crowd." Nearly every major peninsular river (Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi) heads east to the Bay of Bengal; Narmada and Tapi break formation and run west to the Arabian Sea, which is precisely what makes them exam favourites.

Note the difference between Himalayan rivers (Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus — perennial, glacier-fed, carry heavy silt, prone to flooding) and Peninsular rivers (Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada, Tapi — seasonal, rain-fed, flow through older, harder rock so they erode less and carry less silt).

5. Periodic Table Quick Facts

Fact	Detail
Total elements (as recognised)	118
Lightest element	Hydrogen (atomic number 1)
Most abundant element in Earth's crust	Oxygen
Most abundant element in the universe	Hydrogen
Most abundant metal in Earth's crust	Aluminium
Densest naturally occurring element	Osmium
Only liquid metal at room temperature	Mercury
Only liquid non-metal at room temperature	Bromine
Lightest metal	Lithium
Hardest natural substance	Diamond (a form of carbon)
Element with the highest melting point	Tungsten
Noble gases (Group 18)	Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
Halogens (Group 17)	Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
Alkali metals (Group 1)	Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium

Memory hook: "He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn — Happy New Argentina, Krypton eXplores Radioactive Nations." A nonsense sentence carrying the first letters of the six noble gases in order down Group 18: He-Ne-Ar-Kr-Xe-Rn.

Exam trap: Students often answer "most abundant element on Earth overall" with oxygen, correct for the crust, but the question sometimes specifically asks about the universe, where hydrogen dominates by a wide margin. Read the qualifier — crust, atmosphere, universe, human body — carefully before answering.

6. Human Body Quick Facts

Fact	Detail
Largest organ	Skin
Largest internal organ	Liver
Smallest bone	Stapes (in the middle ear)
Longest bone	Femur (thigh bone)
Total bones in adult human	206
Total bones in a newborn	About 300 (many fuse with age)
Normal body temperature	37°C (98.6°F)
Normal pulse rate (adult, resting)	72 beats per minute
Normal blood pressure	120/80 mmHg
pH of human blood	Slightly alkaline, around 7.35-7.45
Universal blood donor	O-negative
Universal blood recipient	AB-positive
Number of chromosomes in humans	46 (23 pairs)
Largest gland	Liver
Largest endocrine gland	Thyroid
Powerhouse of the cell	Mitochondria
Site of protein synthesis in the cell	Ribosome

Memory hook: "Skin covers, liver processes, femur carries, stapes listens." Four superlatives, four organs, one sentence tying each to its actual function so the "largest/smallest/longest" label sticks to what the organ does.

Exam trap: The largest organ (skin) and the largest internal organ (liver) are two different answers to two similarly worded questions. Skin qualifies as "largest organ" only because it is external; among purely internal organs, the liver takes the crown.

7. One-Liner Facts Across Every Subject

Use this section as a rapid-fire final sweep. Read each line, cover it, and try to recall it before moving to the next.

• The Preamble of the Constitution was amended once, by the 42nd Amendment (1976), adding "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity."
• The Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• India's national emblem is adapted from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath.
• The Indian National Congress's first session (1885) was held in Bombay, presided over by W.C. Bonnerjee.
• Mahatma Gandhi's first major Indian satyagraha was at Champaran, Bihar (1917), over indigo cultivation.
• The Simon Commission (1928) was boycotted for having no Indian members.
• Subhas Chandra Bose founded the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) and gave the slogan "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom."
• The Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states, from Gujarat in the west to Mizoram in the east.
• Mount Kanchenjunga, on the India-Nepal border region in Sikkim, is India's highest peak and the world's third-highest.
• The Western Ghats are older than the Himalayas and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognised as a biodiversity hotspot.
• Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, both in Meghalaya, are among the wettest places on Earth.
• India's Standard Meridian (82.5°E) passes near Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, defining Indian Standard Time (IST = GMT+5:30).
• The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935, and nationalised in 1949.
• India adopted the decimal system of currency in 1957.
• NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.
• The Green Revolution in India, led by M.S. Swaminathan and building on Norman Borlaug's high-yield varieties, took off in the mid-1960s, centred on wheat production in Punjab and Haryana.
• The White Revolution (Operation Flood), associated with Verghese Kurien, made India the world's largest milk producer.
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, using chlorophyll to convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
• Newton's three laws of motion underpin classical mechanics; the first law is also called the law of inertia.
• Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because it needs a medium; light can travel through a vacuum.
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency causes scurvy; its richest natural sources include citrus fruits and amla.
• Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and regulates blood sugar.
• CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often called the "brain" of a computer, containing the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU (Control Unit).
• RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile; ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile.
• 1 Byte = 8 Bits; storage units scale as Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte in powers of 1024.
• The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.
• HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol; HTTPS adds a security layer using encryption.
• India's first Five-Year Plan (1951-56) focused on agriculture, modelled loosely on the Harrod-Domar growth framework.
• Bhakra Nangal Dam, on the Sutlej river, was among independent India's first major multipurpose river valley projects.
• UNESCO headquarters is in Paris; the United Nations headquarters is in New York.
• International Court of Justice sits at The Hague, Netherlands.
• The first President of India was Dr. Rajendra Prasad; the first Prime Minister was Jawaharlal Nehru.
• The longest-serving Prime Minister of India was Jawaharlal Nehru, serving continuously from 1947 to 1964.
• Rabindranath Tagore wrote both India's national anthem ("Jana Gana Mana") and Bangladesh's ("Amar Shonar Bangla").
• India's national song is "Vande Mataram," written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
• The Indian Standard Time zone is a single time zone across the entire country, despite its east-west span.
• Article 370's special provisions for Jammu & Kashmir were rendered inoperative by a Presidential Order and Parliamentary resolution in August 2019.
• Panchayati Raj was constitutionalised by the 73rd Amendment (1992); urban local bodies by the 74th Amendment (1992).
• The highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, was first conferred in 1954.
• Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman President of the Indian National Congress (1925) and later the first woman Governor of an Indian state.

Memory Tables

Table 1: Subject-Wise Anchor Facts

Subject	Anchor Fact
History	1857 Revolt marks the shift from Company rule to Crown rule (formalised 1858)
Geography	Narmada and Tapi are the exceptions that flow west to the Arabian Sea
Polity	Articles 352, 356, 360 govern the three types of Emergency
Economy	RBI targets CPI-based inflation at 4% with a 2% tolerance band
Science	Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell; chloroplast drives photosynthesis
Computer	CPU = ALU + CU; RAM is volatile, ROM is not
Static GK	Bharat Ratna sits above all three Padma award categories

Table 2: First-in-India Quick Hits

Category	First
First President	Dr. Rajendra Prasad
First Prime Minister	Jawaharlal Nehru
First woman Prime Minister	Indira Gandhi
First Indian in space	Rakesh Sharma (1984)
First Indian woman IPS officer	Kiran Bedi
First Indian to win a Nobel Prize	Rabindranath Tagore (1913, Literature)
First satellite launched by India	Aryabhata (1975)

Table 3: Emergency Provisions Compared

Type	Article	Ground
National Emergency	352	War, external aggression, armed rebellion
President's Rule	356	Failure of constitutional machinery in a state
Financial Emergency	360	Threat to financial stability or credit of India

Quick Revision — One-Line Facts

• Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire in 322 BCE; his grandson Ashoka embraced Buddhism after the Kalinga War (261 BCE).
• The First Battle of Panipat (1526) established Mughal rule under Babur.
• Chandigarh is a Union Territory that serves as the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.
• Uttarakhand's declared summer capital is Gairsain, though Dehradun remains the main administrative seat.
• The Constitution originally had 395 Articles and 8 Schedules; it now has 12 Schedules.
• Article 32 lets citizens approach the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
• Article 356 empowers President's Rule when a state's constitutional machinery fails.
• The Ganga originates at the Gangotri Glacier and empties into the Bay of Bengal via the Sundarbans.
• Narmada and Tapi are the two major Indian rivers flowing west into the Arabian Sea.
• Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth's crust; hydrogen dominates the universe.
• Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature; bromine is the only liquid non-metal.
• The liver is the largest internal organ; skin is the largest organ overall.
• O-negative blood is the universal donor type; AB-positive is the universal recipient.
• Humans carry 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
• RAM loses data when power is off (volatile); ROM retains it (non-volatile).
• 1 Byte equals 8 Bits, the basic building block of digital storage.
• The RBI was established in 1935 and nationalised in 1949.
• NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.
• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) established Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies respectively.
• Bharat Ratna was first awarded in 1954, and remains India's highest civilian honour.
• Rabindranath Tagore authored the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh.
• India's Standard Meridian runs through Mirzapur, fixing IST at GMT+5:30.
• Cherrapunji and Mawsynram in Meghalaya rank among the world's wettest locations.
• Mount Kanchenjunga is India's highest peak, straddling the Sikkim-Nepal border area.
• The Green Revolution transformed wheat output through the 1960s, centred on Punjab and Haryana.
• Operation Flood, led by Verghese Kurien, made India the world's largest milk producer.
• Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
• The International Court of Justice is headquartered at The Hague; the UN at New York.
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad served as India's first President; Jawaharlal Nehru as its first Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1964.
• Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian in space in 1984.
• The 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) added "Socialist" and "Secular" to the Preamble and introduced Fundamental Duties.

Practice MCQs

Q1. The Battle of Plassey, which established British political influence in Bengal, was fought in which year? (a) 1757 (b) 1764 (c) 1857 (d) 1600

Q2. Which Union Territory serves as the shared capital for both Punjab and Haryana? (a) Delhi (b) Chandigarh (c) Puducherry (d) Ladakh

Q3. Which Article of the Indian Constitution is described as the "heart and soul" of the document, per Dr. B.R. Ambedkar? (a) Article 14 (b) Article 21 (c) Article 32 (d) Article 356

Q4. Which two major Indian rivers flow westward into the Arabian Sea, unlike most peninsular rivers? (a) Godavari and Krishna (b) Kaveri and Mahanadi (c) Narmada and Tapi (d) Ganga and Yamuna

Q5. Which element is the most abundant in Earth's crust? (a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen (c) Silicon (d) Aluminium

Q6. What is the smallest bone in the human body, and where is it located? (a) Femur, in the leg (b) Stapes, in the ear (c) Radius, in the arm (d) Patella, in the knee

Q7. Which blood group is considered the universal donor? (a) AB-positive (b) O-negative (c) A-positive (d) B-negative

Q8. Which Constitutional Amendment established the Panchayati Raj system in India? (a) 42nd Amendment (b) 44th Amendment (c) 73rd Amendment (d) 86th Amendment

Q9. The Reserve Bank of India was established in which year? (a) 1935 (b) 1947 (c) 1949 (d) 1950

Q10. Article 360 of the Constitution deals with which of the following? (a) National Emergency (b) President's Rule (c) Financial Emergency (d) Amendment procedure

Q11. Which committee's recommendation led to the addition of Fundamental Duties in the Constitution? (a) Sarkaria Commission (b) Swaran Singh Committee (c) Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (d) Simon Commission

Q12. Which Indian river is known as the "Dakshin Ganga"? (a) Krishna (b) Kaveri (c) Godavari (d) Narmada

Q13. Who founded the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) and gave the slogan "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom"? (a) Bhagat Singh (b) Subhas Chandra Bose (c) Chandrashekhar Azad (d) Lala Lajpat Rai

Q14. Which organ is regarded as the largest internal organ of the human body? (a) Skin (b) Liver (c) Lungs (d) Kidney

Q15. NITI Aayog replaced which earlier planning body in 2015? (a) Finance Commission (b) Planning Commission (c) National Development Council (d) UPSC

Answer Key

Q	Answer	Reason
1	a	Plassey (1757) planted British political control in Bengal; Buxar (1764) confirmed it militarily.
2	b	Chandigarh is an independent Union Territory serving both Punjab and Haryana as capital.
3	c	Article 32 grants the right to constitutional remedies, letting citizens approach the Supreme Court directly.
4	c	Narmada and Tapi run through rift valleys west into the Arabian Sea, unlike most peninsular rivers.
5	b	Oxygen leads Earth's crust composition; hydrogen dominates only at the universal scale.
6	b	The stapes, in the middle ear, is the smallest bone in the human body.
7	b	O-negative blood lacks antigens that trigger immune reactions, making it the universal donor type.
8	c	The 73rd Amendment (1992) constitutionalised Panchayati Raj; the 74th did the same for urban bodies.
9	a	RBI was established in 1935 under the RBI Act, and later nationalised in 1949.
10	c	Article 360 covers Financial Emergency; Articles 352 and 356 cover the other two emergency types.
11	b	The Swaran Singh Committee's recommendations led to the 42nd Amendment adding Fundamental Duties.
12	c	The Godavari, the largest peninsular river, is popularly called the "Dakshin Ganga."
13	b	Subhas Chandra Bose led the INA and gave this famous rallying call during the freedom struggle.
14	b	The liver is the largest internal organ; skin is the largest organ overall but is external.
15	b	NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015 as India's policy think tank.