English for Teachers: Language Content · Chapter 8

Chapter 8: Discourse Writing

What to remember

Discourse is connected language larger than a sentence. Good discourse has a clear purpose, the right format, a suitable tone and well-linked ideas.
Each text type has its own format: a letter has an address, date, salutation and closing; a notice has a heading, date, body and issuer; a diary is personal and in the past tense; a news report answers who, what, when, where, why and how.
A teacher must know the format of each type and how to teach it in steps (model, guided practice, free writing, feedback).

1. Features of Good Discourse

Purpose and audience: who is writing, to whom and why.
Coherence: ideas are in a logical order and connected by linkers.
Cohesion: words such as pronouns, linkers and repetition tie sentences together.
Register: formal for officials and elders, informal for friends and family.
Paragraphing: one main idea in each paragraph, with a topic sentence.
Accuracy: correct grammar, spelling and punctuation.

2. Letters

Letters are of two main kinds: formal (to officials, editors, principals) and informal (to friends and relatives).

Parts of a letter

Part	Formal letter	Informal letter
Sender's address	Top right or left	Top right
Date	Below the address	Below the address
Receiver's address	Left (name, designation, place)	Not needed
Salutation	Sir/Madam, Dear Sir	Dear Ravi, Dear Mother
Subject line	Yes (short heading)	No
Body	Introduction, details, request/purpose	Greetings, news, questions
Closing (subscription)	Yours faithfully (name unknown); Yours sincerely (name known)	Yours lovingly, Yours affectionately, Your friend
Signature and name	Yes	Yes (first name)

"Yours faithfully" goes with "Dear Sir/Madam"; "Yours sincerely" goes with "Dear Mr Rao".
Formal letters use full forms ("do not", not "don't") and polite phrases ("I request you to...", "I shall be grateful if...").
Types of formal letters: application for leave, job application, complaint, request, letter to the editor, enquiry, order.
A letter to the editor gives the writer's view on a public matter; it begins "To, The Editor, [name of newspaper]".
An application letter usually ends with "Thanking you" or "Yours faithfully".
The envelope or cover carries the address of the receiver.

3. E-mail

An e-mail is a message sent through the internet.

Part	Use
To	Main receiver's address
Cc	Copy sent openly to others
Bcc	Copy sent without others seeing
Subject	Short, clear title of the message
Greeting	Dear Sir / Dear Ravi / Hello
Body	Short paragraphs, direct language
Closing	Regards / Best wishes / Yours sincerely
Attachment	File sent along with the message

The subject line must never be left blank.
Formal e-mails keep the formal tone of a letter; informal e-mails may use short forms.
Capital letters for whole words feel like shouting and are avoided.
Netiquette means good manners on the internet: be polite, check the address and re-read before sending.

4. Diary Entry

A diary is a private, daily record of events and feelings.

Heading: day, date and sometimes time and place at the top.
Starts with "Dear Diary" in some forms (it is optional).
First person ("I") and mostly past tense for the events of the day; present or future tense for feelings and plans.
Informal and personal language; may include thoughts and opinions.
Ends with a short reflection or resolution; the writer signs only if needed.
It is not meant for a reader, so no formal salutation or closing is required.

5. Notices

A notice informs a group about an event or rule.

Part	Details
Name of the issuing body	Top: school, college or office
Heading	The word NOTICE in capitals
Date	Below the heading
Title	Short, in capitals
Body	What, when, where, who may take part, how to register
Name, post and signature	At the bottom left

Notices are short (about 50 words), written in the third person, in formal language and often in the passive voice.
No salutation or closing like "Yours faithfully".
Contact details are given for further information.

6. Biographical Sketch

A biographical sketch is a short account of a person's life, written in the third person.

Opening: name, birth, family and place.
Middle: education, struggles, achievements, character, contribution.
Close: effect on society, a lesson or a quotation.
Mostly simple past tense; present tense for the person's continuing legacy.
Facts must be accurate; use linkers of time (in his childhood, later, after that, finally).
A biography is written by another person; an autobiography is written by the person himself/herself in the first person.

7. Speech

A speech is written to be spoken to an audience.

Opening: greeting the audience in the right order (respected principal, teachers and dear friends); introduce the topic.
Body: main points with examples and facts; direct address ("you", "we").
Close: summary or call to action and thanks ("Thank you").
Language is simple, with short sentences, repetition and rhetorical questions.
Tone changes with the occasion: welcome speech, farewell speech, vote of thanks, speech on a social issue.
Usual greeting order: chief guest, principal, teachers, then friends/students.

8. Paragraph Writing

A paragraph is a group of related sentences on one idea.

Part	Role
Topic sentence	States the main idea (usually first)
Supporting sentences	Explain with details, examples, reasons
Concluding sentence	Closes or restates the idea

Unity (one idea), coherence (logical order) and completeness are the main qualities.
Types by purpose: descriptive, narrative, expository, persuasive.
Linkers: first, next, for example, therefore, finally.
Length depends on the task; a short paragraph usually has 6 to 10 sentences.

9. Dialogue Writing

A dialogue is a conversation between two or more speakers.

Each speaker's lines begin on a new line, starting with the name or role and a colon (Teacher: ...) or with quotation marks.
Language is informal and natural, with short forms (I'm, don't) and fillers (well, you see).
Starts with a greeting or an opening question; ends with a thanks or farewell.
Question-answer pattern keeps the conversation moving.
Language functions (request, advice, invitation, apology) are used according to the situation.
Stage directions in brackets may show tone or action: (smiling).

10. News Report

A news report gives facts about a recent event for the public.

Headline: short, in the present tense, with strong words, no articles often (for example, "Heavy rain floods city").
Dateline: place and date at the start of the report.
Lead (first paragraph): answers who, what, when, where, why and how (the five Ws and H).
Body: details in order of importance (inverted pyramid) with quotes from witnesses or officials.
Style: third person, past tense for events, formal language, passive voice often used, facts without personal opinion.
Byline: name of the reporter.
A report differs from an editorial (opinion) and from a feature (a longer human-interest story).

11. Teaching Discourse Writing

Show a model text and analyse its parts.
Give a framework or a graphic organiser.
Move from guided to free writing.
Follow the writing process: planning, drafting, revising, editing, publishing.
Peer review and teacher feedback help learners improve.
Use real tasks such as class notices, school news and pen-friend letters to make writing meaningful.

Exam traps

1. "Yours faithfully" goes with "Dear Sir/Madam"; "Yours sincerely" goes with a named person.
2. A notice has no salutation or closing line.
3. The diary is in the first person; the biographical sketch is in the third person.
4. A news report headline is in the present tense, but the body mostly uses the past tense.
5. "Bcc" hides receivers; "Cc" shows them.
6. The subject line is a part of a formal letter and an e-mail, but not an informal letter.
7. The topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph.
8. A speech opens by greeting the audience, not with "Dear Sir".

One-liners

1. A formal letter has a subject line.
2. "Yours faithfully" ends a letter that begins "Dear Sir".
3. "Cc" means carbon copy (a copy sent openly).
4. A diary entry begins with the date and day.
5. A notice is short and in formal language.
6. A biographical sketch is written in the third person.
7. A speech ends with thanks to the audience.
8. A paragraph has one main idea.
9. A dialogue shows each speaker on a new line.
10. A news report lead answers the five Ws and H.
11. The headline of a news report is brief.
12. The writing process has planning, drafting, revising and editing.

Practice questions

A formal letter that begins 'Dear Sir' should end with:
1. Yours lovingly
2. Yours sincerely
3. Your friend
4. Yours faithfully
Answer
D. Yours faithfully
'Yours faithfully' goes with 'Dear Sir/Madam'.
A formal letter that begins 'Dear Mr Rao' should end with:
1. Yours faithfully
2. Yours affectionately
3. Yours sincerely
4. Thanking you, dear friend
Answer
C. Yours sincerely
'Yours sincerely' goes with a named person.
Which type of writing has no salutation and no closing line?
1. Informal letter
2. E-mail
3. Formal letter
4. Notice
Answer
D. Notice
A notice has a heading, date, body and issuer's name only.
A diary entry is mainly written in the:
1. second person
2. first person
3. third person
4. passive voice only
Answer
B. first person
A diary records the writer's own events and feelings.
A biographical sketch is written in the:
1. third person
2. first person
3. imperative mood
4. second person
Answer
A. third person
It tells about another person's life.
In an e-mail, 'Cc' stands for:
1. close contact
2. carbon copy
3. central copy
4. copy check
Answer
B. carbon copy
A copy is sent openly to another person.
In an e-mail, a receiver added in 'Bcc':
1. is hidden from the other receivers
2. is the main receiver
3. sees all replies only
4. receives only attachments
Answer
A. is hidden from the other receivers
'Bcc' means blind carbon copy.
Which of these is a part of a formal letter but not of an informal letter?
1. Date
2. Signature
3. Salutation
4. Subject line
Answer
D. Subject line
A formal letter carries a short subject heading.
The first paragraph of a news report usually answers:
1. only the opinion of the reporter
2. the history of the newspaper
3. the editor's name
4. who, what, when, where, why and how
Answer
D. who, what, when, where, why and how
This is the lead of the report.
News headlines are usually written in the:
1. past perfect tense
2. future perfect tense
3. present tense
4. passive voice only
Answer
C. present tense
Headlines use short present-tense forms for recent events.
The main idea of a paragraph is stated in the:
1. topic sentence
2. concluding sentence only
3. supporting sentence
4. title only
Answer
A. topic sentence
The topic sentence gives the central idea.
A speech normally begins with:
1. a dateline
2. a greeting to the audience
3. a subject line
4. Yours faithfully
Answer
B. a greeting to the audience
The speaker greets the audience and introduces the topic.
In a dialogue, each speaker's words:
1. begin on a new line
2. are written in one paragraph
3. are written only in capitals
4. are written without names
Answer
A. begin on a new line
A change of speaker is shown by a new line.
Which opening is correct for a letter to a newspaper?
1. Respected Chief Guest
2. Dear Friend
3. To, The Editor
4. Dear Diary
Answer
C. To, The Editor
A letter to the editor is addressed to the editor of the paper.
Which detail must a diary entry give at the top?
1. Receiver's address
2. Subject line
3. Byline
4. Day and date
Answer
D. Day and date
A diary entry starts with the day and date.
Which part comes at the bottom of a notice?
1. Yours faithfully
2. Salutation
3. Name, post and signature of the issuer
4. Subject line
Answer
C. Name, post and signature of the issuer
The issuer signs at the bottom.
An autobiography is written by:
1. a newspaper editor
2. the person about himself or herself
3. a friend of the person
4. a government office
Answer
B. the person about himself or herself
It is a life story told in the first person.
A news report gives details in order of importance. This style is called the:
1. circular order
2. reverse paragraph
3. inverted pyramid
4. spiral order
Answer
C. inverted pyramid
The most important facts come first and the lesser details later.
What is the correct order of the writing process?
1. Editing, drafting, planning, revising
2. Planning, drafting, revising, editing
3. Revising, planning, editing, drafting
4. Drafting, editing, planning, revising
Answer
B. Planning, drafting, revising, editing
Writers plan first and edit last.
A speech should end with:
1. thanks to the audience
2. the issuer's address
3. a dateline
4. a salutation
Answer
A. thanks to the audience
It usually ends with a call to action and 'Thank you'.
Which part of an e-mail should never be left blank?
1. Attachment
2. Bcc
3. Cc
4. Subject
Answer
D. Subject
A clear subject line shows the purpose of the message.
Which sentence is suitable for a formal letter?
1. I want leave now.
2. Please grant leave, buddy.
3. Hey, give me leave.
4. I shall be grateful if you grant me leave.
Answer
D. I shall be grateful if you grant me leave.
Formal letters use polite phrases.
The dateline of a news report gives the:
1. place and date
2. editor's opinion
3. headline
4. reporter's name
Answer
A. place and date
It appears at the start of the report.
Unity in a paragraph means:
1. every sentence is long
2. every sentence starts with a linker
3. all sentences support one main idea
4. only one sentence is used
Answer
C. all sentences support one main idea
A paragraph deals with one idea.
Notices are usually written in:
1. letter style with salutation
2. formal third-person language
3. slang
4. first-person diary style
Answer
B. formal third-person language
A notice is brief and formal.
'Netiquette' means:
1. a rule for naming files
2. good manners while using the internet
3. a kind of web design
4. a type of net bowling
Answer
B. good manners while using the internet
It covers polite online behaviour.
The concluding sentence of a paragraph:
1. closes the idea or restates it
2. opens the idea
3. contains the salutation
4. adds a new topic
Answer
A. closes the idea or restates it
It gives the paragraph a sense of completeness.
A paragraph written to convince the reader of a point of view is:
1. descriptive
2. narrative
3. persuasive
4. expository
Answer
C. persuasive
Persuasive writing aims to convince.
Does an informal letter need the receiver's address in the body of the letter?
1. Yes, with the designation
2. Yes, before the salutation
3. Yes, in the top left
4. No, it is not needed
Answer
D. No, it is not needed
Informal letters carry only the sender's address and the date.
Stage directions in a dialogue such as '(smiling)' are:
1. written inside quotation marks
2. written in capitals
3. omitted always
4. written in brackets
Answer
D. written in brackets
Brackets show tone or action.
In the greeting of a school speech, which order is usual?
1. Teachers, students, chief guest, principal
2. Chief guest, principal, teachers, students
3. Principal, students, chief guest, teachers
4. Students, teachers, principal, chief guest
Answer
B. Chief guest, principal, teachers, students
Greetings begin with the most senior person.
Consider the statements. 1. A formal letter has a subject line. 2. An informal letter has a subject line.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
A. 1 only
An informal letter normally has no subject line; only statement 1 is correct.
Consider the statements. 1. A diary entry is private. 2. A diary entry is mostly in the first person.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both statements are correct.
Consider the statements. 1. A notice begins with 'Dear Sir'. 2. A notice is short and formal.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
B. 2 only
A notice has no salutation; only statement 2 is correct.
Consider the statements. 1. A biography is written in the first person. 2. An autobiography is written in the first person.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
B. 2 only
A biography is in the third person; only statement 2 is correct.
Consider the statements. 1. 'Cc' sends a copy openly to a person. 2. 'Bcc' sends a copy without the others seeing the address.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both statements are correct.
Consider the statements. 1. News headlines are brief and use the present tense. 2. The body of a news report is written only in the present tense.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
A. 1 only
The body mostly uses the past tense; only statement 1 is correct.
Consider the statements. 1. 'Yours sincerely' goes with 'Dear Sir'. 2. 'Yours faithfully' goes with a named person.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
D. Neither 1 nor 2
The pairs are reversed in both statements.
Consider the statements. 1. The topic sentence gives the main idea of a paragraph. 2. The supporting sentences give details and examples.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both statements are correct.
Consider the statements. 1. A speech begins with 'Dear Sir'. 2. A speech uses simple language and short sentences.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
B. 2 only
A speech begins with a greeting to the audience; only statement 2 is correct.
Consider the statements. 1. A news report states facts without personal opinion. 2. An editorial is a news report without opinion.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
A. 1 only
An editorial expresses opinion; only statement 1 is correct.
Consider the statements. 1. A dialogue is always written in formal language. 2. A diary needs a formal salutation.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
D. Neither 1 nor 2
A dialogue is natural and informal, and a diary needs no salutation.
Consider the statements. 1. Coherence means ideas are in a logical order. 2. Cohesion means words and linkers tie sentences together.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both definitions are correct.
Match the news report parts. 1. Dateline - a. place and date 2. Byline - b. name of the reporter
1. 1-b, 2-a
2. 1-b, 2-b
3. 1-a, 2-a
4. 1-a, 2-b
Answer
D. 1-a, 2-b
The dateline gives place and date, and the byline names the reporter.
Which closing is suitable for an informal letter to a friend?
1. Yours affectionately
2. Yours faithfully
3. Thanking you, Sir
4. Respectfully submitted
Answer
A. Yours affectionately
Informal letters end with friendly closings.

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1.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: What is the author's primary purpose in writing this passage?
2.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 1: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
3.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 2: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
4.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 3: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
5.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 4: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
6.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 5: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
7.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 6: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
8.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 7: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
9.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 8: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.
10.Read the passage and choose the best option for blank number 9: When the expedition set out across the uncharted desert, its leader was acutely aware of the ___(1)___ risks involved, having lost two companions to similar terrain years earlier. Water, always the most ___(2)___ resource in such an environment, was rationed with almost obsessive care, each member permitted only a strict daily ___(3)___. The team's cartographer worked ___(4)___ each evening, updating maps with observations gathered during the day's punishing march, aware that any ___(5)___ could prove fatal to future travelers relying on his work. Several weeks in, a sudden sandstorm forced the group to seek ___(6)___ behind a modest rock formation, where they waited, tents ___(7)___ flat against the relentless wind, for nearly two full days. When the storm finally ___(8)___, the landscape itself seemed transformed, familiar dunes reshaped entirely by the wind's ___(9)___ force. Morale, understandably, had begun to ___(10)___ during the enforced delay, and the leader found himself needing to ___(11)___ his exhausted team with reminders of how far they had already come. Eventually, after nearly two months of ___(12)___ travel, the expedition reached the oasis they had been seeking, an achievement that felt almost ___(13)___ after so many hardships. Word of their ___(14)___ eventually reached distant cities, ___(15)___ a wave of interest in further desert exploration. Later historians would ___(16)___ the expedition's meticulous records as invaluable, noting that few explorers of that era had documented their journey with such ___(17)___ detail. The leader himself, in his later writings, remained characteristically ___(18)___ about his own role, ___(19)___ credit instead to the entire team's ___(20)___ effort.

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