English for Teachers: Language Content · Chapter 9

Reading Comprehension

What to remember

Reading comprehension means understanding a text at three levels: literal (what is said), inferential (what is meant) and evaluative (what you think of it).
Answer every question from the passage itself. Use only the facts given, not your own opinion or outside knowledge.
Poetry needs extra tools: meaning of words, figures of speech, theme, mood, rhyme and imagery.

Seen and unseen passages

A seen passage is one that the learner has already read, for example a lesson in the textbook. Questions test memory and understanding of that lesson. An unseen passage is new to the reader. It tests real reading skill: the ability to work out meaning without help. Teacher-recruitment tests use unseen prose and unseen poetry. The passage is usually 150 to 300 words and is followed by 4 to 6 questions.

Types of reading

Type	Purpose	Example
Skimming	Get the general idea quickly	Running your eyes over a newspaper page
Scanning	Find one fact (name, date, number)	Looking for a train time in a timetable
Intensive reading	Close reading for full meaning	Studying a lesson or a poem
Extensive reading	Reading for pleasure, long texts	Reading story books in the library
Reading aloud	Practise pronunciation and expression	A pupil reading a paragraph in class
Silent reading	Faster, private understanding	Reading a passage in an examination

Levels of comprehension and question types

1. Literal questions ask for facts stated in the text. The answer can be found word for word. Example: "Who found the lost key?"
2. Inferential questions ask the reader to read between the lines. The answer is not stated but is clearly suggested. Example: "Why did Rani smile at the end?"
3. Evaluative (critical) questions ask for a judgement about the writer's view, the style or the message. Example: "Is the writer in favour of homework?"
4. Vocabulary-in-context questions ask the meaning of a word as used in the passage. A word can have many meanings, so use the sentence around it.
5. Reference questions ask what a word such as "it", "they" or "this" stands for. The answer is usually the nearest noun before the pronoun.
6. Title and main-idea questions. The best title is short and covers the whole passage. A title that covers only one detail is too narrow. A title that goes beyond the passage is too wide.

Strategies for unseen prose

Read the passage once quickly for the central idea. Then read the questions. Then read again and find the answers.
The first sentence of a paragraph often gives its main idea (the topic sentence). The last paragraph often gives the conclusion.
Underline signal words. "But", "however" and "yet" show a contrast. "Therefore" and "so" show a result. "For example" shows an illustration.
Do not choose an option only because it uses words from the passage. A wrong option often copies words but changes the meaning.
Remove options that are too extreme. Words such as "always", "never", "only" and "all" are often signs of a wrong option.
Tone is the writer's attitude. Common tones are formal, informal, humorous, serious, critical, sarcastic and appreciative.
Author's purpose is to inform, to persuade, to entertain or to describe.

Types of passage and their features

Passage type	Main feature	Typical tone
Narrative	Tells a story with events in order	Neutral or emotional
Descriptive	Paints a picture of a person, place or thing	Appreciative
Expository	Explains facts or a process	Formal, informative
Argumentative	Gives reasons for or against a view	Persuasive
Biographical	Describes a life	Respectful

Unseen poetry

Reading a poem is different from reading prose. Read it slowly, at least twice. Look first at the title, then the whole meaning, then the words and devices.

Poem terms

Stanza: a group of lines in a poem. A two-line stanza is a couplet, a three-line one a tercet, and a four-line one a quatrain.
Rhyme scheme: the pattern of rhyming line endings, marked with letters. For example, "day, way, night, light" is aabb.
Sonnet: a poem of 14 lines.
Ode: a poem of praise addressed to a person, thing or idea.
Elegy: a poem of sorrow, usually for someone who has died.
Ballad: a poem that tells a story, often in short, simple stanzas.
Lyric: a short poem that expresses personal feeling.

Figures of speech

Figure	Meaning	Example
Simile	Comparison using "like" or "as"	Her smile was like sunshine
Metaphor	Direct comparison without "like" or "as"	Life is a journey
Personification	Giving human qualities to a non-living thing	The wind whispered
Alliteration	Repeating the same starting sound	Peter picked a peck
Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates a sound	Buzz, hiss, thud
Hyperbole	Deliberate exaggeration	I have told you a million times
Oxymoron	Two opposite words together	Bitter sweet
Apostrophe	Speaking to an absent person or a thing	O Wind, where are you going?
Irony	Meaning the opposite of what is said	"What lovely weather!" in a storm

Poetry questions usually ask for: the central idea or theme; the poet's feeling (mood); a figure of speech in a line; the rhyme scheme; the meaning of a difficult word; and the picture (image) a line creates. An image is a word picture that appeals to the senses of sight, sound, touch, taste or smell. Mood is the feeling a poem creates in the reader. Tone is the poet's attitude to the subject. Theme is the main message.

Classroom angle

A teacher plans reading in three stages.

1. Pre-reading: predict from the title and pictures, introduce key words, ask what pupils already know.
2. While-reading: pupils read silently, then in pairs, with a task such as finding the main idea.
3. Post-reading: discussion, questions, retelling and writing based on the text.

Useful methods are KWL (What I Know, What I Want to know, What I Learnt) and SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review). Teachers should ask a mix of literal, inferential and evaluative questions. They should teach pupils to guess word meanings from context before reaching for a dictionary. Graded readers and a classroom library encourage extensive reading.

Exam traps

1. Scanning finds one fact; skimming finds the general idea. They are not the same.
2. A simile uses "like" or "as"; a metaphor does not.
3. Personification gives human traits to things; hyperbole only exaggerates.
4. An inference is suggested by the text; it is not stated. Do not confuse it with a literal fact.
5. Tone is the writer's attitude; mood is the feeling created in the reader.
6. A sonnet has 14 lines; a quatrain has only 4.
7. An elegy mourns; an ode praises.
8. A title that covers only one detail is too narrow; do not choose it as the best title.

One-liners

1. Skimming means reading quickly for the gist.
2. Scanning means searching for a specific detail.
3. Intensive reading means close reading for full meaning.
4. Extensive reading means reading longer texts for pleasure.
5. An unseen passage tests reading skill on new material.
6. A pronoun reference usually points to the nearest earlier noun.
7. A topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph.
8. A rhyme scheme "abab" means lines 1 and 3 rhyme, and lines 2 and 4 rhyme.
9. A couplet has two lines.
10. Onomatopoeia imitates a sound, as in "buzz".
11. An oxymoron joins two opposite ideas.
12. SQ3R stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review.

Practice questions

Reading quickly to get the general idea of a text is called
1. intensive reading
2. reading aloud
3. scanning
4. skimming
Answer
D. skimming
Skimming is rapid reading for the gist.
Searching a text only for a particular date or name is called
1. skimming
2. extensive reading
3. scanning
4. silent reading
Answer
C. scanning
Scanning looks for a specific detail.
Reading long texts such as story books for pleasure is known as
1. scanning
2. extensive reading
3. skimming
4. intensive reading
Answer
B. extensive reading
Extensive reading is wide, pleasurable reading of longer texts.
Close reading of a short text to understand every detail is called
1. intensive reading
2. extensive reading
3. skimming
4. scanning
Answer
A. intensive reading
Intensive reading focuses on full understanding.
A passage that the reader meets for the first time in a test is a(n)
1. textbook unit
2. unseen passage
3. prescribed lesson
4. seen passage
Answer
B. unseen passage
An unseen passage is new to the reader.
A poem of fourteen lines is called a
1. quatrain
2. ballad
3. sonnet
4. couplet
Answer
C. sonnet
A sonnet has 14 lines.
A group of four lines in a poem is a
1. quatrain
2. couplet
3. sonnet
4. tercet
Answer
A. quatrain
Quatrain means four lines.
A poem of sorrow written on the death of a person is an
1. ballad
2. epic
3. ode
4. elegy
Answer
D. elegy
An elegy mourns the dead.
A comparison that uses 'like' or 'as' is a
1. simile
2. irony
3. metaphor
4. hyperbole
Answer
A. simile
A simile is an explicit comparison with like or as.
'The wind whispered through the trees' is an example of
1. alliteration
2. simile
3. oxymoron
4. personification
Answer
D. personification
The wind is given a human action, whispering.
The words 'buzz' and 'hiss' are examples of
1. apostrophe
2. onomatopoeia
3. oxymoron
4. irony
Answer
B. onomatopoeia
They imitate the sounds they name.
'Bitter sweet' is an example of
1. alliteration
2. simile
3. oxymoron
4. hyperbole
Answer
C. oxymoron
An oxymoron joins two opposite words.
In a rhyme scheme 'abab', the lines that rhyme are
1. 1st with 2nd and 3rd with 4th
2. 1st with 4th and 2nd with 3rd
3. 1st with 3rd and 2nd with 4th
4. all four lines
Answer
C. 1st with 3rd and 2nd with 4th
In abab the alternate lines rhyme.
The correct expansion of SQ3R is
1. Scan, Quote, Read, Repeat, Revise
2. Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
3. Survey, Quiz, Read, Rewrite, Revise
4. Skim, Question, Reply, Recall, Review
Answer
B. Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
SQ3R is Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review.
A word picture that appeals to the senses is called
1. an image
2. a rhyme
3. a refrain
4. a stanza
Answer
A. an image
Imagery uses words to create sensory pictures.
The poet's attitude towards the subject of a poem is its
1. stanza
2. metre
3. rhyme
4. tone
Answer
D. tone
Tone is the writer's attitude.
The first stage of a reading lesson, where pupils predict from the title and pictures, is
1. revision
2. post-reading
3. while-reading
4. pre-reading
Answer
D. pre-reading
Pre-reading prepares pupils for the text.
A reader is asked, 'Why did Rani smile at the end?' and the answer is only hinted at. This question tests
1. inferential comprehension
2. literal comprehension
3. handwriting
4. spelling
Answer
A. inferential comprehension
The answer must be inferred, not copied.
Which of the following is the best way to answer a vocabulary-in-context question?
1. Choose a meaning from your own experience
2. Use the meaning that fits the sentence around the word
3. Choose the first dictionary meaning
4. Choose the longest option
Answer
B. Use the meaning that fits the sentence around the word
The context decides which meaning is right.
In an unseen passage, the pronoun 'they' in a sentence most often refers to
1. the last word of the passage
2. the writer
3. the nearest plural noun before it
4. the title
Answer
C. the nearest plural noun before it
A pronoun usually points back to the nearest suitable noun.
A student reads: 'The shop was closed, but the owner kept the lights on.' The word 'but' signals
1. an example
2. a result
3. a contrast
4. a repetition
Answer
C. a contrast
'But' joins opposite or unexpected ideas.
A title for a passage on the many uses of the neem tree is best chosen as
1. Why Trees Are Green
2. The Many Uses of Neem
3. My Walk Home
4. A Tree in a Village
Answer
B. The Many Uses of Neem
It covers the whole passage without being too narrow or too wide.
The tone of the line 'What a lovely day for a picnic!' said during a heavy storm is
1. formal
2. neutral
3. appreciative
4. ironic
Answer
D. ironic
The words say the opposite of what the situation shows.
Read: 'Ravi packed his bag, wore his raincoat and left early so that he would not miss the bus.' Why did Ravi leave early?
1. To catch the bus
2. To buy a raincoat
3. To avoid the rain
4. To meet a friend
Answer
A. To catch the bus
The passage states he left early so as not to miss the bus.
Read: 'Though small, the library was full of readers who sat silently among the shelves.' The mood of this line is
1. noisy
2. angry
3. calm
4. fearful
Answer
C. calm
Silent readers among shelves suggest a calm place.
In the line 'Life is a journey', the figure of speech is a
1. simile
2. metaphor
3. oxymoron
4. onomatopoeia
Answer
B. metaphor
Life is directly called a journey, with no like or as.
'Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers' repeats the sound /p/. This is
1. personification
2. apostrophe
3. irony
4. alliteration
Answer
D. alliteration
Alliteration repeats initial sounds.
A teacher asks pupils, 'Do you agree with the writer that homework is useful?' This is an example of a(n)
1. evaluative question
2. spelling question
3. vocabulary question
4. literal question
Answer
A. evaluative question
It asks the reader to judge the writer's view.
When a poem speaks directly to an absent person or thing, as in 'O Wind, where are you going?', the device is
1. alliteration
2. apostrophe
3. simile
4. hyperbole
Answer
B. apostrophe
Apostrophe addresses an absent person or thing.
In an unseen poem a line reads 'The sun is a golden coin.' The best description of the image is
1. sound, a loud noise
2. taste, something sweet
3. sight, a bright round object
4. smell, a sweet scent
Answer
C. sight, a bright round object
Golden and coin suggest colour and shape, appealing to sight.
The words in a passage that most often state the main idea of a paragraph form its
1. topic sentence
2. refrain
3. footnote
4. caption
Answer
A. topic sentence
The topic sentence carries the main idea of a paragraph.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. 2. Skimming requires close reading of every word.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
A. 1 only
Scanning finds specific details; skimming is quick reading for the gist, not word-by-word.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. A sonnet has fourteen lines. 2. A couplet has four lines.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
A. 1 only
A couplet has two lines, not four.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. An ode is a poem of praise. 2. An elegy is a poem of sorrow.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both are correct definitions.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. A metaphor always uses 'like' or 'as'. 2. A simile compares two things using 'like' or 'as'.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
B. 2 only
Only a simile uses like or as; a metaphor does not.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. Tone is the writer's attitude. 2. Mood is the feeling created in the reader.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both definitions are correct.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. Rhyme scheme 'aabb' means the first two lines rhyme and the last two lines rhyme. 2. Rhyme scheme 'abab' means lines 1 and 2 rhyme.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
A. 1 only
In abab, lines 1 and 3 rhyme.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. A good teacher asks only literal questions in a reading class. 2. Pupils should guess word meaning from context before using a dictionary.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
B. 2 only
A mix of question types is needed; guessing from context comes first.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration. 2. Personification gives human qualities to a non-living thing.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both are correct.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. In KWL, the letter W stands for 'What I Want to know'. 2. Post-reading activities include discussion and retelling.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
C. Both 1 and 2
Both are correct.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. A title that covers only one small detail is the best title for a passage. 2. The best title covers the whole passage.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
B. 2 only
A title that is too narrow is poor; the best title covers the whole passage.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 1. Expository passages explain facts or a process. 2. Argumentative passages only tell a story in time order.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer
A. 1 only
Argumentative passages give reasons for or against a view; narratives tell a story.

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1.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: What is the main idea of the passage?
2.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: According to the passage, what causes water to evaporate from oceans, rivers, and lakes?
3.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: What is condensation, as described in the passage?
4.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of precipitation in the passage?
5.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: What happens to precipitation that soaks into the soil, according to the passage?
6.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: What is transpiration, as explained in the passage?
7.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: In the context of the passage, the word "replenishing" most nearly means:
8.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: Based on the passage, what can be inferred about regions with very little rainfall?
9.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: What is the author's primary purpose in writing this passage?
10.Read the passage and answer the question: "The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It begins when the sun heats water in oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing it to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as vapour. As this vapour rises, it cools and condenses around tiny particles of dust to form clouds. When water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended, they fall back to the Earth's surface as precipitation, which may take the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation soaks into the soil and becomes groundwater, replenishing underground aquifers. Some flows across the land as surface runoff, eventually reaching streams and rivers. Plants also contribute through transpiration, absorbing water through their roots and releasing vapour through their leaves. The water cycle is essential to life because it distributes fresh water, regulates climate, and shapes landscapes through erosion over long periods." Question: According to the passage, besides distributing fresh water, what else does the water cycle do?

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