Enrichment: Additional Movements, Figures, and Context

10.1 Peasant and Labour Movements Alongside the Mainstream Struggle

• Bardoli Satyagraha (1928, Gujarat): Led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel against an unjust revenue hike; its success earned Patel the title "Sardar" (leader), bestowed on him by the women of Bardoli.
• Moplah (Mappila) Rebellion (1921, Malabar, Kerala): Began as an anti-landlord/anti-British peasant uprising among Muslim Mappila tenant farmers, initially linked to the wider Khilafat agitation, but which took on increasingly communal dimensions in its later stages — a complex episode that historians interpret variously as agrarian revolt, religious movement, or both.
• Kisan Sabha movement: Organised peasant movements gained momentum from the 1920s–30s, with the All India Kisan Sabha founded in 1936 (Swami Sahajanand Saraswati as founding president), often working in tension as well as cooperation with the Congress-led mainstream movement.
• All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC): Founded in 1920, with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president, marking the beginnings of organised labour politics alongside the nationalist movement.

10.2 Depressed Classes and Ambedkar's Parallel Movement

• B.R. Ambedkar led a movement distinct from, and at times directly opposed to, the mainstream Congress-Gandhi approach on caste, arguing that political freedom from Britain without social/caste emancipation would be hollow for Dalits.
• Mahad Satyagraha (1927): Led by Ambedkar, asserting the right of "untouchables" to draw water from the public Chavdar Tank in Mahad, Maharashtra — he later publicly burned copies of the Manusmriti at this event, symbolising rejection of the scriptural basis of caste discrimination.
• Temple Entry movements: Including the Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25, Kerala), seeking temple-road access for lower castes, supported by Gandhi and Periyar among others; and Ambedkar's later Kalaram Temple Satyagraha (Nashik, 1930).
• Ambedkar eventually concluded that meaningful emancipation required leaving Hinduism altogether, converting to Buddhism in a mass ceremony at Nagpur in 1956 along with hundreds of thousands of followers (this event falls after independence but is a direct culmination of his pre-independence advocacy).

10.3 Women's Political Participation — Additional Figures

• Sarojini Naidu: Poet ("the Nightingale of India") and political leader; led the Dharasana Satyagraha after Gandhi's arrest during Civil Disobedience; later became the first Indian woman Governor of a state (United Provinces) after independence.
• Kasturba Gandhi: Actively participated in numerous Satyagrahas alongside her husband and led activities independently during his imprisonment; died in British custody at the Aga Khan Palace, Pune (1944).
• Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay: A prominent freedom fighter, socialist, and later a major figure in the revival of Indian handicrafts and theatre after independence; the first woman to contest a legislative seat in India (1926).

10.4 The Left and Communist Movement's Parallel Track

• The Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded in 1925 (Kanpur), with earlier roots traced to M.N. Roy's international activity (see Revolutionary Movements notes); it pursued class-based mobilisation (labour, peasants) that sometimes cooperated with and sometimes sharply criticised the Congress's cross-class nationalist strategy.
• The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), founded in 1934 within the Congress by figures including Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Deva, and Ram Manohar Lohia, represented an attempt to push the Congress toward more explicit socialist economic goals while remaining within the broader nationalist umbrella.

10.5 Table: Key Satyagrahas and Their Specific Grievances