Study Guide · Chapter 13
Organisations at a Glance
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| Organisation | Founded | Founders/leaders | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brahmo Samaj | 1828 | Raja Ram Mohan Roy | Monotheistic reform; anti-sati; precursor social reform movement |
| Prarthana Samaj | 1867 | Atmaram Pandurang; M.G. Ranade | Western India's counterpart to the Brahmo Samaj |
| Arya Samaj | 1875 | Swami Dayanand Saraswati | Vedic revivalism plus social reform; Shuddhi movement |
| Theosophical Society (India HQ) | 1875 (US); 1882 Adyar | Blavatsky, Olcott; later Annie Besant | Bridge to Home Rule League politics |
| Aligarh Movement / MAO College | 1875 | Sir Syed Ahmad Khan | Modern Muslim education; became AMU (1920) |
| Ramakrishna Mission | 1897 | Swami Vivekananda | Vedantic revival; service ideal |
| Indian Association | 1876 | Surendranath Banerjee | Early proto-nationalist body, Calcutta |
| Indian National Congress | 1885 | A.O. Hume, W.C. Bonnerjee | The umbrella movement organisation throughout |
| All-India Muslim League | 1906 | Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah and others | Separate Muslim political representation; later demanded Pakistan |
| Anushilan Samiti / Jugantar | c.1902 / c.1906 | Barindra Ghosh, Aurobindo Ghosh and others | Bengal revolutionary secret societies |
| Servants of India Society | 1905 | G.K. Gokhale | Moderate social-service and constitutional-reform body |
| Ghadar Party | 1913 (San Francisco) | Lala Har Dayal, Sohan Singh Bhakna | Overseas Indians; armed-revolution aim |
| Home Rule League(s) | 1916 | Tilak; Annie Besant | Two parallel leagues, same demand |
| Hindustan Republican Association / HSRA | 1924 / reorganised 1928 | Ram Prasad Bismil; Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh | Revolutionary, later explicitly socialist-nationalist |
| Swaraj Party | 1922 | C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru | Council-entry obstructionism within legislatures |
| All India Forward Bloc | 1939 | Subhas Chandra Bose | Left-wing breakaway from Congress |
| Indian National Army (INA) / Azad Hind Fauj | 1942–43 | Mohan Singh (raised); Subhas Chandra Bose (took command 1943) | Armed force allied with Japan in WWII |
| Rani of Jhansi Regiment | 1943 | Captain Lakshmi Sahgal | All-women wing of the INA |
| Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirts") | 1929 | Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan | Non-violent Pashtun nationalist movement, NWFP |
| Communist Party of India | 1925 | M.N. Roy and others | Grew partly from Ghadar/revolutionary networks |
Memory hook — one organisation per decade, a skeleton timeline: 1820s: Brahmo. 1870s: Arya/Theosophical/Aligarh. 1880s: Congress. 1900s: Muslim League/Anushilan. 1910s: Ghadar/Home Rule. 1920s: Swaraj Party/HRA-HSRA. 1930s: Forward Bloc (late). 1940s: INA/Azad Hind. Reciting just the decade-to-organisation skeleton, then hanging founders and details onto each peg, is far easier than memorising twenty rows cold.
Practice Recall: For each decade from the 1820s to the 1940s, name at least one organisation founded in it, before checking the table above.
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