12. SWARAJ PARTY (1923)

Formed by Chittaranjan (C.R.) Das and Motilal Nehru in 1922–1923 (formally, "Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party," founded January 1923) after disagreement within Congress on whether to continue boycotting legislative councils post-NCM withdrawal.
"No-changers" (led by Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, C. Rajagopalachari) wanted to continue constructive work/boycott; "Pro-changers" (C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru) wanted to enter legislative councils to disrupt British administration from within ("council entry" or "obstructionist" tactic).
Swarajists contested the 1923 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly and provincial councils with notable success, using councils to oppose government bills, expose their unrepresentative character, and demand self-government from within.
Motilal Nehru led the party in the Central Assembly; C.R. Das was its president; both remained within the Congress fold, not a breakaway party in the full sense.
Declined after C.R. Das's death (1925) and internal differences; some Swarajists (Motilal Nehru) later worked closely with mainstream Congress again (e.g., the Nehru Report).