Accept premises for the question
Syllogisms test what follows from the stated premises, even if a premise sounds absurd in daily life. “All birds are tables” is treated as a set-inclusion statement for that item; real-world knowledge about birds must not override it. Represent “All A are B” as A entirely inside B. “No A are B” means the sets do not overlap. “Some A are B” asserts at least one common member. “Some A are not B” asserts at least one A outside B.
Necessary versus possible conclusions
If all A are B and all B are C, then all A are C. The reverse, all C are A, does not follow. If some A are B and all B are C, then some A are C. But from all A are B alone, be cautious about existential conclusions unless the item's convention explicitly assumes A exists. Test a conclusion by asking whether a counterexample arrangement of sets could make the premises true while the conclusion false. If yes, the conclusion is not necessary.
Read the exact quantifier
“Only A are B” means every B is an A, reversing the direction many candidates assume. “Only a few” and “at least some” require careful interpretation under the test's wording. Do not replace “some” with “all” or “some not” with “none.” Draw two or three small Venn sketches when a statement allows multiple layouts; a conclusion must hold in every permitted layout, not merely one convenient sketch.
Deduction outside set language
Logical-deduction items may present facts and ask which conclusion must follow. Separate a directly stated fact from an inference; reject an inference that introduces an unstated cause, quantity or time. For each proposed conclusion, identify the premise chain that supports it. A plausible statement can still be unsupported. In review, write a counterexample for each wrong conclusion. That habit teaches the boundary between “could be true” and “must be true.”
Practice — 50 questions
Attempt every item before reading the answers below. Figure questions require the printed or on-screen diagram.
1. Statements: All cats are flowers. No flowers are bottles. Conclusions: I. Some cats are flowers II. No flowers are cats. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
2. Statements: No rivers are villages. All villages are books. Conclusions: I. All rivers are villages II. Some villages are rivers. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
3. Statements: Only a few dogs are villages. All villages are houses. Conclusions: I. All dogs being houses is a possibility II. All villages being dogs is a possibility. Assuming the statements to be true, decide which of the conclusions follow(s). ("Only a few X are Y" means some X are Y and some X are not Y.)
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
4. Statements: All rivers are doctors. All doctors are houses. Conclusions: I. Some doctors are not houses II. Some doctors are houses. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
5. Statements: All laptops are mountains. No mountains are bottles. Conclusions: I. No mountains are bottles II. Some mountains are laptops. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
6. Three statements are given, followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: All chairs are houses. All houses are phones. No phones are flowers. Conclusions: I. Some phones are houses. II. Some flowers are phones. III. Some houses are chairs.
A. Only conclusions I and III follow B. Only conclusion II follows C. Only conclusion III follows D. All the conclusions follow
7. Statements: Only a few chairs are phones. All phones are lawyers. Conclusions: I. Some phones are not chairs II. All chairs being lawyers is a possibility. Assuming the statements to be true, decide which of the conclusions follow(s). ("Only a few X are Y" means some X are Y and some X are not Y.)
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
8. Statements: Only a few students are birds. No birds are cars. Conclusions: I. All birds being students is a possibility II. All cars are birds. Assuming the statements to be true, decide which of the conclusions follow(s). ("Only a few X are Y" means some X are Y and some X are not Y.)
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
9. Statements: Some cats are rivers. All rivers are phones. No phones are students. Conclusions: I. Some cats are phones II. All rivers are phones. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
10. Three statements are given, followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: All birds are clocks. All houses are birds. Some pencils are not houses. Conclusions: I. Some birds are clocks. II. All birds are pencils. III. Some clocks are pencils.
A. None of the conclusions follows B. Only conclusion III follows C. Only conclusion I follows D. Only conclusions I and II follow
11. Three statements are given, followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: No books are houses. All chairs are houses. Some pencils are chairs. Conclusions: I. All houses are books. II. All pencils are chairs. III. No houses are chairs.
A. None of the conclusions follows B. Only conclusions II and III follow C. Only conclusion II follows D. Only conclusion I follows
12. Three statements are given, followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: Some laptops are birds. Some birds are mountains. All engineers are mountains. Conclusions: I. Some engineers are mountains. II. Some engineers are not laptops. III. Some birds are laptops.
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusions I and III follow C. Only conclusions I and II follow D. All the conclusions follow
13. Statements: All dogs are rivers. All rivers are tables. No tables are clocks. Conclusions: I. No dogs are tables II. Some dogs are tables. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
14. Statements: No doctors are houses. Only a few students are doctors. All students are cats. Conclusions: I. All doctors being cats is a possibility II. Some doctors being houses is a possibility. Assuming the statements to be true, decide which of the conclusions follow(s). ("Only a few X are Y" means some X are Y and some X are not Y.)
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
15. Statements: Some teachers are birds. No birds are doctors. All doctors are students. Conclusions: I. Some doctors are not students II. All teachers are doctors. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
16. Statements: Some bottles are not clocks. No clocks are phones. Some phones are not chairs. Conclusions: I. Some phones are not clocks II. Some clocks are phones. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
17. Statements: All mountains are houses. Only a few houses are rivers. Some rivers are not bicycles. Conclusions: I. All bicycles being houses is a possibility II. All rivers being houses is a possibility. Assuming the statements to be true, decide which of the conclusions follow(s). ("Only a few X are Y" means some X are Y and some X are not Y.)
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
18. Statements: Some teachers are clocks. Some clocks are pens. All pens are books. Conclusions: I. Some books are clocks II. No clocks are pens. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
19. Statements: All dogs are mountains. Some mountains are lawyers. Some lawyers are students. Conclusions: I. No mountains are dogs II. Some lawyers are students. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
20. Statements: No lawyers are pencils. All pencils are books. Some books are not students. Conclusions: I. All lawyers are pencils II. Some pencils are not books. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
21. Statements: All phones are bicycles. Some bicycles are pencils. Some pencils are houses. Conclusions: I. Some pencils are houses II. All phones are bicycles. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
22. Three statements are given, followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III. Assuming the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: All rivers are flowers. All teachers are flowers. All teachers are laptops. Conclusions: I. Some laptops are flowers. II. No laptops are rivers. III. All flowers are rivers.
A. Only conclusions I and III follow B. Only conclusion II follows C. Only conclusion I follows D. None of the conclusions follows
23. Statements: Some tables are students. All students are bicycles. All bicycles are lawyers. Some lawyers are not clocks. Conclusions: I. No bicycles are students II. No students are bicycles. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
24. Statements: Some doctors are not pens. Some pens are cars. No cars are bicycles. No bicycles are phones. Conclusions: I. Some doctors are not pens II. Some cars are bicycles. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
25. Statements: Only a few engineers are pens. Some pens are not mountains. Some mountains are not dogs. Conclusions: I. All engineers being pens is a possibility II. All pens being mountains is a possibility. Assuming the statements to be true, decide which of the conclusions follow(s). ("Only a few X are Y" means some X are Y and some X are not Y.)
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
26. Statements: No villages are flowers. All flowers are cars. Conclusions: I. All villages are flowers II. Some flowers are villages. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
27. Statements: No phones are teachers. No teachers are houses. Conclusions: I. Some phones are teachers II. No teachers are houses. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
28. Statements: All books are students. No students are laptops. Conclusions: I. No laptops are students II. No books are students. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
29. Statements: All pencils are pens. All pens are lawyers. Conclusions: I. Some pencils are pens II. Some lawyers are pens. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
30. Statements: All clocks are chairs. No chairs are pens. Conclusions: I. All clocks are chairs II. Some chairs are not pens. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
31. Statements: All flowers are doctors. No doctors are lawyers. Conclusions: I. Some flowers are doctors II. No flowers are doctors. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
32. Statements: All students are laptops. All laptops are engineers. Conclusions: I. No engineers are laptops II. Some laptops are students. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
33. Statements: All clocks are books. All books are engineers. Conclusions: I. Some clocks are not books II. Some books are not engineers. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
34. Statements: All clocks are villages. Some villages are houses. Conclusions: I. Some clocks are not villages II. No villages are houses. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
35. Statements: Some birds are not clocks. No clocks are mountains. Conclusions: I. Some mountains are clocks II. Some birds are not clocks. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
36. Statements: All lawyers are laptops. No laptops are clocks. Conclusions: I. No clocks are lawyers II. All laptops are clocks. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
37. Statements: No mountains are birds. Some birds are pencils. Conclusions: I. Some birds are not mountains II. No birds are mountains. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
38. Statements: Some bicycles are laptops. All laptops are lawyers. Conclusions: I. Some laptops are not lawyers II. Some lawyers are bicycles. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
39. Statements: No laptops are tables. Some tables are teachers. Conclusions: I. Some teachers are not laptops II. All laptops are tables. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
40. Statements: All clocks are engineers. All engineers are rivers. Conclusions: I. No engineers are rivers II. Some clocks are not rivers. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
41. Statements: All tables are rivers. Some rivers are pens. Conclusions: I. Some rivers are pens II. Some tables are rivers. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
42. Statements: No books are teachers. No teachers are pencils. Conclusions: I. No pencils are teachers II. Some books are teachers. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
43. Statements: No phones are chairs. No chairs are rivers. Conclusions: I. All phones are chairs II. No chairs are phones. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
44. Statements: No dogs are cars. All cars are bicycles. Conclusions: I. Some cars are dogs II. All dogs are cars. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
45. Statements: All cats are clocks. No clocks are phones. Conclusions: I. No cats are phones II. No phones are clocks. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
46. Statements: All engineers are bottles. Some bottles are not flowers. Conclusions: I. Some bottles are not flowers II. Some engineers are bottles. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
47. Statements: All clocks are phones. Some phones are books. Conclusions: I. Some clocks are not phones II. No books are phones. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
48. Statements: Some books are not bottles. Some bottles are not engineers. Conclusions: I. Some books are not engineers II. Some books are not bottles. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
49. Statements: Some lawyers are books. Some books are clocks. Conclusions: I. No clocks are books II. Some books are lawyers. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
50. Statements: No mountains are pencils. No pencils are phones. Conclusions: I. No pencils are phones II. Some mountains are pencils. Which of the conclusions follow(s) from the statements?
A. Only conclusion I follows B. Only conclusion II follows C. Both conclusions I and II follow D. Neither conclusion I nor II follows
Answers and explanations
After checking the key, explain the rule or diagram transformation to yourself before moving on.
1. A. Statements: All cats are flowers. No flowers are bottles. Conclusion I: "Some cats are flowers" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "No flowers are cats" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-01 | 2-statement syllogism | Easy
2. D. Statements: No rivers are villages. All villages are books. Conclusion I: "All rivers are villages" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "Some villages are rivers" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-02 | 2-statement syllogism | Easy
3. C. "Only a few" fixes both a "some are" and a "some are not" relation; a "possibility" conclusion follows if at least one arrangement consistent with the statements makes it true, while a plain conclusion must hold in every arrangement. Conclusion I: "All dogs being houses is a possibility" — nothing in the statements rules this out, so a model where it holds exists; the possibility follows. Conclusion II: "All villages being dogs is a possibility" — nothing in the statements rules this out, so a model where it holds exists; the possibility follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-03 | "Only a few" / possibility syllogism | Easy
4. B. Statements: All rivers are doctors. All doctors are houses. Conclusion I: "Some doctors are not houses" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "Some doctors are houses" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-04 | 2-statement syllogism | Easy
5. C. Statements: All laptops are mountains. No mountains are bottles. Conclusion I: "No mountains are bottles" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "Some mountains are laptops" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-05 | 2-statement syllogism | Easy
6. A. Draw the sets from the statements (All chairs are houses. All houses are phones. No phones are flowers.) and test each conclusion against every arrangement they allow — a conclusion follows only if it is true in all of them. Conclusion I: "Some phones are houses" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "Some flowers are phones" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion III: "Some houses are chairs" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Hence: Only conclusions I and III follow.
APRS26-09-06 | 3-statement, 3-conclusion syllogism | Easy
7. B. "Only a few" fixes both a "some are" and a "some are not" relation; a "possibility" conclusion follows if at least one arrangement consistent with the statements makes it true, while a plain conclusion must hold in every arrangement. Conclusion I: "Some phones are not chairs" is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (it is only a possibility), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: "All chairs being lawyers is a possibility" — nothing in the statements rules this out, so a model where it holds exists; the possibility follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-07 | "Only a few" / possibility syllogism | Easy
8. A. "Only a few" fixes both a "some are" and a "some are not" relation; a "possibility" conclusion follows if at least one arrangement consistent with the statements makes it true, while a plain conclusion must hold in every arrangement. Conclusion I: "All birds being students is a possibility" — nothing in the statements rules this out, so a model where it holds exists; the possibility follows. Conclusion II: "All cars are birds" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-08 | "Only a few" / possibility syllogism | Easy
9. C. Statements: Some cats are rivers. All rivers are phones. No phones are students. Conclusion I: "Some cats are phones" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "All rivers are phones" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-09 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
10. C. Draw the sets from the statements (All birds are clocks. All houses are birds. Some pencils are not houses.) and test each conclusion against every arrangement they allow — a conclusion follows only if it is true in all of them. Conclusion I: "Some birds are clocks" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "All birds are pencils" is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (it is only a possibility), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion III: "Some clocks are pencils" is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (it is only a possibility), so it does not definitely follow. Hence: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-10 | 3-statement, 3-conclusion syllogism | Medium
11. A. Draw the sets from the statements (No books are houses. All chairs are houses. Some pencils are chairs.) and test each conclusion against every arrangement they allow — a conclusion follows only if it is true in all of them. Conclusion I: "All houses are books" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "All pencils are chairs" is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (it is only a possibility), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion III: "No houses are chairs" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Hence: None of the conclusions follows.
APRS26-09-11 | 3-statement, 3-conclusion syllogism | Medium
12. B. Draw the sets from the statements (Some laptops are birds. Some birds are mountains. All engineers are mountains.) and test each conclusion against every arrangement they allow — a conclusion follows only if it is true in all of them. Conclusion I: "Some engineers are mountains" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "Some engineers are not laptops" is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (it is only a possibility), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion III: "Some birds are laptops" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Hence: Only conclusions I and III follow.
APRS26-09-12 | 3-statement, 3-conclusion syllogism | Medium
13. B. Statements: All dogs are rivers. All rivers are tables. No tables are clocks. Conclusion I: "No dogs are tables" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "Some dogs are tables" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-13 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
14. A. "Only a few" fixes both a "some are" and a "some are not" relation; a "possibility" conclusion follows if at least one arrangement consistent with the statements makes it true, while a plain conclusion must hold in every arrangement. Conclusion I: "All doctors being cats is a possibility" — nothing in the statements rules this out, so a model where it holds exists; the possibility follows. Conclusion II: "Some doctors being houses is a possibility" — this is contradicted by the statements in every case, so the possibility does not follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-14 | "Only a few" / possibility syllogism | Medium
15. D. Statements: Some teachers are birds. No birds are doctors. All doctors are students. Conclusion I: "Some doctors are not students" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "All teachers are doctors" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-15 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
16. A. Statements: Some bottles are not clocks. No clocks are phones. Some phones are not chairs. Conclusion I: "Some phones are not clocks" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "Some clocks are phones" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-16 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
17. C. "Only a few" fixes both a "some are" and a "some are not" relation; a "possibility" conclusion follows if at least one arrangement consistent with the statements makes it true, while a plain conclusion must hold in every arrangement. Conclusion I: "All bicycles being houses is a possibility" — nothing in the statements rules this out, so a model where it holds exists; the possibility follows. Conclusion II: "All rivers being houses is a possibility" — nothing in the statements rules this out, so a model where it holds exists; the possibility follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-17 | "Only a few" / possibility syllogism | Medium
18. A. Statements: Some teachers are clocks. Some clocks are pens. All pens are books. Conclusion I: "Some books are clocks" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "No clocks are pens" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-18 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
19. B. Statements: All dogs are mountains. Some mountains are lawyers. Some lawyers are students. Conclusion I: "No mountains are dogs" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "Some lawyers are students" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-19 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
20. D. Statements: No lawyers are pencils. All pencils are books. Some books are not students. Conclusion I: "All lawyers are pencils" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "Some pencils are not books" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-20 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
21. C. Statements: All phones are bicycles. Some bicycles are pencils. Some pencils are houses. Conclusion I: "Some pencils are houses" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "All phones are bicycles" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-21 | 3-statement syllogism | Medium
22. C. Draw the sets from the statements (All rivers are flowers. All teachers are flowers. All teachers are laptops.) and test each conclusion against every arrangement they allow — a conclusion follows only if it is true in all of them. Conclusion I: "Some laptops are flowers" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "No laptops are rivers" is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (it is only a possibility), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion III: "All flowers are rivers" is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (it is only a possibility), so it does not definitely follow. Hence: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-22 | 3-statement, 3-conclusion syllogism | Difficult
23. D. Statements: Some tables are students. All students are bicycles. All bicycles are lawyers. Some lawyers are not clocks. Conclusion I: "No bicycles are students" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. Conclusion II: "No students are bicycles" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-23 | 4-statement syllogism | Difficult
24. A. Statements: Some doctors are not pens. Some pens are cars. No cars are bicycles. No bicycles are phones. Conclusion I: "Some doctors are not pens" holds in every case consistent with the statements, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: "Some cars are bicycles" is false in every case consistent with the statements, so it does not follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-24 | 4-statement syllogism | Difficult
25. D. "Only a few" fixes both a "some are" and a "some are not" relation; a "possibility" conclusion follows if at least one arrangement consistent with the statements makes it true, while a plain conclusion must hold in every arrangement. Conclusion I: "All engineers being pens is a possibility" — this is contradicted by the statements in every case, so the possibility does not follow. Conclusion II: "All pens being mountains is a possibility" — this is contradicted by the statements in every case, so the possibility does not follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-25 | "Only a few" / possibility syllogism | Difficult
26. D. Statements: No villages are flowers. All flowers are cars. Conclusion I: "All villages are flowers." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: "Some flowers are villages." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-26 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
27. B. Statements: No phones are teachers. No teachers are houses. Conclusion I: "Some phones are teachers." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: The given statements leave no possible case where teachers and houses overlap, so "No teachers are houses." definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-27 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
28. A. Statements: All books are students. No students are laptops. Conclusion I: The given statements leave no possible case where laptops and students overlap, so "No laptops are students." definitely follows. Conclusion II: "No books are students." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-28 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
29. C. Statements: All pencils are pens. All pens are lawyers. Conclusion I: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between pencils and pens in every possible case, so "Some pencils are pens." definitely follows. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between lawyers and pens in every possible case, so "Some lawyers are pens." definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-29 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
30. C. Statements: All clocks are chairs. No chairs are pens. Conclusion I: "All clocks are chairs." is forced by the given statements in every possible case consistent with them, so it definitely follows. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee that chairs can never be wholly contained in pens, so "Some chairs are not pens." definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-30 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
31. A. Statements: All flowers are doctors. No doctors are lawyers. Conclusion I: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between flowers and doctors in every possible case, so "Some flowers are doctors." definitely follows. Conclusion II: "No flowers are doctors." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-31 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
32. B. Statements: All students are laptops. All laptops are engineers. Conclusion I: "No engineers are laptops." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between laptops and students in every possible case, so "Some laptops are students." definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-32 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
33. D. Statements: All clocks are books. All books are engineers. Conclusion I: "Some clocks are not books." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: "Some books are not engineers." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-33 | 2-statement deduction | Easy
34. D. Statements: All clocks are villages. Some villages are houses. Conclusion I: "Some clocks are not villages." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: "No villages are houses." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-34 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
35. B. Statements: Some birds are not clocks. No clocks are mountains. Conclusion I: "Some mountains are clocks." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee that birds can never be wholly contained in clocks, so "Some birds are not clocks." definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-35 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
36. A. Statements: All lawyers are laptops. No laptops are clocks. Conclusion I: The given statements leave no possible case where clocks and lawyers overlap, so "No clocks are lawyers." definitely follows. Conclusion II: "All laptops are clocks." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-36 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
37. C. Statements: No mountains are birds. Some birds are pencils. Conclusion I: The given statements guarantee that birds can never be wholly contained in mountains, so "Some birds are not mountains." definitely follows. Conclusion II: The given statements leave no possible case where birds and mountains overlap, so "No birds are mountains." definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-37 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
38. B. Statements: Some bicycles are laptops. All laptops are lawyers. Conclusion I: "Some laptops are not lawyers." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between lawyers and bicycles in every possible case, so "Some lawyers are bicycles." definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-38 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
39. A. Statements: No laptops are tables. Some tables are teachers. Conclusion I: The given statements guarantee that teachers can never be wholly contained in laptops, so "Some teachers are not laptops." definitely follows. Conclusion II: "All laptops are tables." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-39 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
40. D. Statements: All clocks are engineers. All engineers are rivers. Conclusion I: "No engineers are rivers." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: "Some clocks are not rivers." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-40 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
41. C. Statements: All tables are rivers. Some rivers are pens. Conclusion I: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between rivers and pens in every possible case, so "Some rivers are pens." definitely follows. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between tables and rivers in every possible case, so "Some tables are rivers." definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-41 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
42. A. Statements: No books are teachers. No teachers are pencils. Conclusion I: The given statements leave no possible case where pencils and teachers overlap, so "No pencils are teachers." definitely follows. Conclusion II: "Some books are teachers." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-42 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
43. B. Statements: No phones are chairs. No chairs are rivers. Conclusion I: "All phones are chairs." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: The given statements leave no possible case where chairs and phones overlap, so "No chairs are phones." definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-43 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
44. D. Statements: No dogs are cars. All cars are bicycles. Conclusion I: "Some cars are dogs." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: "All dogs are cars." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-44 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
45. C. Statements: All cats are clocks. No clocks are phones. Conclusion I: The given statements leave no possible case where cats and phones overlap, so "No cats are phones." definitely follows. Conclusion II: The given statements leave no possible case where phones and clocks overlap, so "No phones are clocks." definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-45 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
46. C. Statements: All engineers are bottles. Some bottles are not flowers. Conclusion I: The given statements guarantee that bottles can never be wholly contained in flowers, so "Some bottles are not flowers." definitely follows. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between engineers and bottles in every possible case, so "Some engineers are bottles." definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-46 | 2-statement deduction | Medium
47. D. Statements: All clocks are phones. Some phones are books. Conclusion I: "Some clocks are not phones." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: "No books are phones." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Neither conclusion I nor II follows.
APRS26-09-47 | 2-statement deduction | Difficult
48. C. Statements: Some books are not bottles. Some bottles are not engineers. Conclusion I: The given statements guarantee that books can never be wholly contained in engineers, so "Some books are not engineers." definitely follows. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee that books can never be wholly contained in bottles, so "Some books are not bottles." definitely follows. So: Both conclusions I and II follow.
APRS26-09-48 | 2-statement deduction | Difficult
49. B. Statements: Some lawyers are books. Some books are clocks. Conclusion I: "No clocks are books." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. Conclusion II: The given statements guarantee at least some overlap between books and lawyers in every possible case, so "Some books are lawyers." definitely follows. So: Only conclusion II follows.
APRS26-09-49 | 2-statement deduction | Difficult
50. A. Statements: No mountains are pencils. No pencils are phones. Conclusion I: The given statements leave no possible case where pencils and phones overlap, so "No pencils are phones." definitely follows. Conclusion II: "Some mountains are pencils." is true in some cases consistent with the statements but false in others (or never true), so it does not definitely follow. So: Only conclusion I follows.
APRS26-09-50 | 2-statement deduction | Difficult