If you are preparing for a police sub-inspector exam, SSC CPO, a law clerk post or a prosecutor or judicial service paper, one change in the syllabus conversation cannot be ignored. The Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Indian Evidence Act have been replaced. Almost every number you memorised from old notes, from IPC 302 to CrPC 154, now has a new address.
This is a high-risk area, because the internet is full of half-correct summaries. The section numbers and punishments below were checked against the Gazette of India text of the three Acts. Anything that rests on secondary coverage, or could change by notification or amendment, is flagged. Always confirm against the official bare Act before an exam.
The Big Picture: What Replaced What
| Old law | New law | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| Indian Penal Code, 1860 | Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) | Substantive criminal law: offences and punishments |
| Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 | Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) | Procedure: FIR, arrest, investigation, bail, trial |
| Indian Evidence Act, 1872 | Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) | What can be proved in court and how |
A quick way to remember the roles: BNS tells you what is a crime, BNSS tells you what the police and courts do about it, and BSA tells you what the court will accept as proof.
Note the word forms. Two are "Sanhita" (BNS and BNSS) and one is "Adhiniyam" (BSA). Examiners like this detail because it is easy to test and easy to forget.
Effective Date and Size of the New Laws
The three laws came into force on 1 July 2024. The Acts themselves were published in the Gazette dated 25 December 2023, but the BNS text says it comes into force on a date the Central Government appoints by notification, so the effective date comes from the notification, not from the Act. The 1 July 2024 date is consistently reported by official and reputable sources. The exact notification number is something to check if a question asks for it.
Transition rules matter for questions framed as "which law applies". The savings clauses say that pending trials, inquiries, investigations and appeals continued under the old procedure (BNSS section 531 and BSA section 170 say so for the procedure and evidence laws), and the BNS repeal clause (section 358) preserves liability for offences committed under the IPC. The practical rule: offences committed before 1 July 2024 are dealt with under the IPC; offences committed on or after that date come under the BNS.
Section counts that are commonly asked:
- BNS: 358 sections in 20 chapters, against 511 sections in 23 chapters in the IPC (a government training presentation published by PIB uses these figures).
- BNSS: 531 sections (confirmed from the Act). The CrPC had 484 sections (secondary source).
- BSA: 170 sections (confirmed from the Act). The Evidence Act had 167 (secondary source).
Flag: official presentations also quote totals such as "20 new offences, 19 provisions deleted, imprisonment increased for 33 offences". I could not recount these independently, so learn them as "as per the government presentation".
How These Topics Are Framed in Exams
For SSC CPO, the General Awareness section is the place where any such question would appear. As far as could be confirmed, Paper 1 has four sections of 50 questions each with a negative mark of 0.25 per wrong answer, but the official notice does not list the BNS, BNSS or BSA by name in the syllabus that I could verify. Check the latest notification for the syllabus and pattern. Treat the new laws as high-probability current affairs and static GK, not as a guaranteed topic.
For law clerk, assistant public prosecutor, APO and judicial service exams, these three laws are core subjects. Questions there go deeper into sub-sections, provisos and punishment ranges.
Typical question styles you should expect:
- Replacement questions: "The IPC was replaced by which law?"
- Section number questions: "Mob lynching is covered under which BNS section?"
- New offence questions: "Which of these was newly introduced: snatching, theft, robbery, extortion?"
- Number and timeline questions: "Within how many days must an e-FIR be signed?"
BNS: Headline Changes
New punishment: community service
Section 4 of the BNS lists the punishments: death, imprisonment for life, imprisonment (rigorous or simple), forfeiture of property, fine and community service. Community service is the new entry. The BNSS defines it as work the court may order a convict to perform as a form of punishment that benefits the community, for which the convict is not entitled to any remuneration (explanation to BNSS section 23).
In the BNS text, community service appears as an option in these six places: section 202 (a public servant unlawfully engaging in trade), section 209 (non-appearance in response to a proclamation), section 226 (attempt to commit suicide to compel or restrain a public servant), section 303(2) proviso (petty first-time theft), section 355 (misconduct in public by a drunken person) and section 356(2) (defamation).
The theft rule is the favourite. If the value of the stolen property is less than five thousand rupees, the person is convicted for the first time, and the property or its value is returned or restored, the punishment is community service.
Mob lynching: section 103(2)
Murder is punished under section 103(1) with death or imprisonment for life, plus fine. Section 103(2) is the mob lynching clause. When a group of five or more persons acting in concert commits murder on the ground of race, caste or community, sex, place of birth, language, personal belief or any other similar ground, each member of the group is punishable with death or imprisonment for life, plus fine.
Flag: some websites say "minimum seven years". The Gazette text of section 103(2) does not say that. Go by the text: death or life imprisonment, and fine. A related provision, section 117(4), covers grievous hurt by a group of five or more on the same grounds, with imprisonment up to seven years and fine.
Organised crime: section 111
Section 111 defines organised crime as continuing unlawful activity by a person or group acting in concert, as a member of an organised crime syndicate or on its behalf, using violence, threat of violence, intimidation, coercion or other unlawful means to get a material or financial benefit. The listed examples include kidnapping, robbery, vehicle theft, extortion, land grabbing, contract killing, economic offence, cyber-crimes, trafficking in persons, drugs, weapons or illicit goods, and trafficking for prostitution or ransom.
Key definitions inside it:
- Organised crime syndicate: a group of two or more persons who, singly or jointly, indulge in continuing unlawful activity.
- Continuing unlawful activity: an activity prohibited by law which is a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment of three years or more, in respect of which more than one charge-sheet has been filed before a competent court within the preceding ten years and the court has taken cognizance. It includes economic offence.
Punishment: if the offence results in death, death or life imprisonment with a fine of not less than ten lakh rupees. In any other case, imprisonment of not less than five years which may extend to life, with a fine of not less than five lakh rupees. Other sub-sections cover abetting or facilitating, membership, harbouring, and holding property derived from organised crime, each with its own minimum imprisonment and minimum fine.
Petty organised crime: section 112
A member of a group or gang who commits theft, snatching, cheating, unauthorised selling of tickets, unauthorised betting or gambling, selling of public examination question papers, or any similar criminal act, commits petty organised crime. Punishment: imprisonment of not less than one year, up to seven years, and fine. The explanation says theft includes trick theft, theft from a vehicle, dwelling house or business premises, cargo theft, pick-pocketing, card skimming, shoplifting and theft of an ATM.
Exam note: selling of public examination question papers appears in this list. For aspirants this is an easy line for a question writer to pick.
Terrorist act: section 113
Terrorism is now defined in the general penal code, not only in special laws. A terrorist act is any act done with the intent to threaten, or likely to threaten, the unity, integrity, sovereignty, security or economic security of India, or to strike terror in people, by listed means. Punishment: death or life imprisonment (with fine) if it results in death; otherwise imprisonment of not less than five years, up to life, with fine.
Snatching: section 304
Theft is snatching if, to commit theft, the offender suddenly or quickly or forcibly seizes, secures, grabs or takes away any movable property from a person or from that person's possession. Punishment: imprisonment up to three years, and fine. It is a new, separately named offence, which is why it is a favourite for "newly added" questions.
Hit and run: section 106(2)
Section 106(1) covers causing death by a rash or negligent act: up to five years and fine (up to two years if done by a registered medical practitioner during a medical procedure). Section 106(2) covers causing death by rash and negligent driving and escaping without reporting to a police officer or Magistrate soon after: up to ten years and fine.
Flag: this clause drew strong protests from transport workers around the time the laws began, and there were reports that its operation would be reviewed. I could not confirm the current position, so check the latest official text before relying on it for a current-affairs question.
Sedition replaced by section 152
IPC section 124A (sedition) was not carried over. BNS section 152, "Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India", covers purposely or knowingly exciting or attempting to excite secession, armed rebellion or subversive activities, encouraging separatist feelings, or endangering sovereignty or unity and integrity, through words, signs, visible representation, electronic communication or financial means. Punishment: imprisonment for life or up to seven years, and fine. The word "sedition" does not appear in the heading. Say "section 152 replaces sedition in substance" if a question asks, and read the options carefully.
Offences against women and children
- A dedicated chapter (Chapter V, sections 63 to 99) deals with offences against women and children.
- Rape: section 63 defines it and section 64(1) punishes it with rigorous imprisonment of not less than ten years, up to life, and fine.
- Section 69: sexual intercourse by deceitful means or by a promise to marry without intention to fulfil it, short of rape. Up to ten years and fine. "Deceitful means" includes false promise of employment or promotion, and marrying by suppressing identity.
- Section 70(2): gang rape of a woman under eighteen. Imprisonment for life (the remainder of natural life) and fine, or death.
- Sections 74 to 79: outraging modesty, sexual harassment, assault with intent to disrobe, voyeurism, stalking and insulting the modesty of a woman.
- Section 80: dowry death (not less than seven years, up to life). Section 85: cruelty by husband or relatives (up to three years and fine).
- Section 95: hiring, employing or engaging a child to commit an offence (not less than three years, up to ten years, and fine). Child means a person below eighteen (section 2(3)).
Other definitional changes
- "Document" includes electronic and digital records (section 2(8)).
- Attempt to commit suicide (IPC 309), adultery (IPC 497) and the old unnatural offences provision (IPC 377) are not carried into the BNS. A new section 226 punishes attempted suicide only when done to compel or restrain a public servant from discharging official duty.
BNSS: Headline Changes
FIR: section 173 (old CrPC 154)
Section 173(1) says information about a cognizable offence may be given orally or by electronic communication to the officer in charge of a police station, irrespective of the area where the offence was committed. This is the legal basis of what people call Zero FIR. The phrase "Zero FIR" itself is not used in the section; it is the common name for registering an FIR at any station and then transferring it.
- e-FIR: if information is given by electronic communication, it is taken on record when signed by the informant within three days.
- Free copy: a copy of the recorded information goes free of cost to the informant or victim (173(2)).
- Women victims: for listed sexual offences under the BNS, the information is recorded by a woman police officer or woman officer. If the victim has a temporary or permanent mental or physical disability, it is recorded at her residence or a place of her choice, with an interpreter or special educator, and videographed.
- Preliminary enquiry: for a cognizable offence punishable with three years or more but less than seven years, the officer in charge may, with prior permission of an officer not below Deputy Superintendent of Police, conduct a preliminary enquiry within fourteen days, or proceed with investigation if a prima facie case exists (173(3)).
- If police refuse: the informant may send the substance in writing by post to the Superintendent of Police, and failing that approach the Magistrate (173(4)).
Forensic requirement: section 176(3)
For offences punishable with seven years or more, the officer in charge must cause a forensic expert to visit the crime scene to collect evidence and cause the process to be videographed on a mobile phone or other electronic device. The wording is "from such date as may be notified within a period of five years by the State Government". So the duty is phased in by State notification, with a five-year window, not a switch that applied everywhere on day one. If forensic facility is not available, the State notifies use of another State's facility.
Flag: many summaries say "forensic visit mandatory for seven years or more" without the phased-in condition. For an exam, the safe answer to "threshold" is seven years or more. If an option adds the State notification detail, that is the more complete statement.
Custody and default bail: section 187 (old CrPC 167)
Police custody of up to fifteen days may be authorised in the whole or in parts, at any time during the initial forty days or sixty days of a detention period of sixty or ninety days. Total detention before default bail: ninety days where the offence is punishable with death, life or ten years or more, and sixty days for any other offence. After that, the accused must be released on bail if ready to furnish bail. The "in parts" and "forty or sixty days" wording is new; the 60 and 90 day limits are old.
Charge-sheet and information to victims: section 193 (old CrPC 173)
The police officer must inform the progress of the investigation to the informant or victim within ninety days, including by electronic communication. Further investigation during trial, with the court's permission, must be completed within ninety days, extendable with court permission.
Search, seizure and proceeds of crime
- Section 105: the process of a search and seizure, including the list of things seized and its signing by witnesses, must be recorded by audio-video electronic means, preferably mobile phone, and the recording is forwarded without delay to the District Magistrate, Sub-divisional Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class.
- Section 107: attachment, forfeiture or restoration of property derived from criminal activity, through the court or Magistrate on the police officer's application.
Trial timelines and trial in absentia
- Committal (section 232): proceedings to be completed within ninety days of taking cognizance, extendable by the Magistrate up to one hundred and eighty days for recorded reasons.
- Discharge application: within sixty days of commitment (section 250 for Sessions cases).
- Framing of charge: within sixty days from the date of first hearing on charge.
- Judgment (section 258 in Sessions trials): within thirty days of completion of arguments, extendable to forty-five days for recorded reasons. Section 392 separately says judgment must be pronounced not later than forty-five days after the trial ends, and the court should, as far as practicable, upload it on its portal within seven days.
- Trial in absentia (section 356): a proclaimed offender who has absconded may be tried and judged in absence, after safeguards: two consecutive warrants at least thirty days apart, newspaper publication with thirty days to appear, informing a relative or friend, and the trial cannot start until ninety days after framing of charge.
Bail for long-detained undertrials: section 479 (old CrPC 436A)
An undertrial who has served up to one-half of the maximum imprisonment for the offence is released on bail, with an exception for offences punishable with death or life imprisonment. A first-time offender (never convicted before) is released on bond after one-third of the maximum. The court may, after hearing the Public Prosecutor and recording reasons, order longer detention.
Electronic mode: section 530
All trials, inquiries and proceedings under the Sanhita, including issue, service and execution of summons and warrants, examination of the complainant and witnesses, recording of evidence and appeals, may be held in electronic mode, by electronic communication or audio-video means. Section 531 repeals the CrPC and carries the savings.
BSA: Headline Changes
The BSA changed the Evidence Act less than the BNS changed the IPC. Most chapters follow the old structure, with updated language and new rules for electronic evidence.
- Documents and evidence include electronic records. Section 2(1)(d) says "document" includes electronic and digital records, with examples such as emails, server logs, messages, websites, locational evidence and voice mail. "Evidence" in section 2(1)(e) includes statements given electronically.
- Admissibility of electronic records: sections 61 to 63. Section 61 says an electronic or digital record cannot be denied admissibility just because it is electronic, subject to section 63, with the same legal effect as other documents. Section 63 sets the conditions and requires a certificate submitted with the electronic record; the Schedule gives the format in two parts (Part A to be filled by the party, Part B by an expert). This replaces the old Evidence Act section 65B.
- Primary evidence (section 57): new Explanations 4 to 7 say each file, each stored copy, and each automated storage including temporary files, can be primary evidence for an electronic or digital record, and an electronic record from proper custody is primary evidence unless disputed.
- Secondary evidence (section 58): certified copies, mechanical copies, counterparts, oral accounts by a person who saw the document, oral and written admissions, and expert evidence on voluminous accounts.
- Confession to police (section 23): no confession to a police officer can be proved against an accused (23(1)); a confession made in police custody is not provable unless made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate, with the proviso that so much of the information as distinctly relates to the fact discovered may be proved (23(2)). This merges the ideas of the old sections 25, 26 and 27.
- Dying declaration: now under section 26(a).
- Presumptions: dowry death (section 118) and consent in rape prosecutions (section 120).
Section Mapping Table (Verified Provisions Only)
The new-law column below was checked against the Gazette text. The old-law column follows the standard government correlation tables and the well-known IPC, CrPC and Evidence Act numbering; if a row matters for a judiciary paper, double-check it against the official comparative table. Provisions I could not verify are left out on purpose.
IPC to BNS
| Subject | IPC | BNS |
|---|---|---|
| Common intention | 34 | 3(5) |
| Rape (definition and punishment) | 375 and 376 | 63 and 64 |
| Gang rape | 376D | 70 |
| Stalking | 354D | 78 |
| Dowry death | 304B | 80 |
| Cruelty by husband or relatives | 498A | 85 |
| Culpable homicide | 299 | 100 |
| Murder (definition) | 300 | 101 |
| Punishment for murder | 302 | 103(1) |
| Trafficking of persons | 370 | 143 |
| Theft | 378 and 379 | 303 |
| Extortion | 383 and 384 | 308 |
| Robbery and dacoity | 390 and 391 | 309 and 310 |
| Cheating | 415 and 420 | 318 |
| Criminal intimidation | 503 and 506 | 351 |
| Defamation | 499 and 500 | 356 |
New provisions with no direct IPC twin
| Subject | BNS section |
|---|---|
| Sexual intercourse by deceitful means | 69 |
| Hiring a child to commit an offence | 95 |
| Mob lynching | 103(2) |
| Hit and run | 106(2) |
| Organised crime | 111 |
| Petty organised crime | 112 |
| Terrorist act | 113 |
| Acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity | 152 |
| Snatching | 304 |
CrPC to BNSS
| Subject | CrPC | BNSS |
|---|---|---|
| Arrest without warrant | 41 | 35 |
| Manner of arrest | 46 | 43 |
| Detention not beyond 24 hours | 57 | 58 |
| Proclamation for absconder | 82 | 84 |
| Recording of search and seizure on video | new | 105 |
| Attachment of proceeds of crime | new | 107 |
| FIR | 154 | 173 |
| Investigation procedure and forensic visit | 157 | 176 |
| Remand and default bail | 167 | 187 |
| Police report on completion | 173 | 193 |
| Trial in absentia | new | 356 |
| Judgment | 353 | 392 |
| Undertrial detention limit | 436A | 479 |
| Electronic mode of proceedings | new | 530 |
Evidence Act to BSA
| Subject | Evidence Act | BSA |
|---|---|---|
| Definitions (document, evidence, fact) | 3 | 2(1) |
| Confession to police and in custody | 25, 26, 27 | 23 |
| Dying declaration | 32(1) | 26(a) |
| Primary evidence | 62 | 57 |
| Secondary evidence | 63 | 58 |
| Electronic records: certificate | 65B | 63 |
| Presumption of dowry death | 113B | 118 |
| Presumption on consent in rape | 114A | 120 |
Memory Aids
- Murder is 101 and 103. Definition at 101, punishment at 103(1). Old 300 and 302 map to 101 and 103 in order. Mob lynching sits right next to it at 103(2).
- Triple one-one: 111, 112, 113. Organised crime, petty organised crime, terrorist act, in that order. Think "serious, small, scary".
- Snatching is 304. Theft is 303, so snatching is the "next door" neighbour of theft. Three years, like the base punishment for theft.
- Numbers ladder for BNSS: 3 days (e-FIR signature), 14 days (preliminary enquiry), 15 days (police custody cap), 60 and 90 days (detention before default bail, charge framing in 60, progress update in 90), 30 and 45 days (judgment).
- Six community service offences: 202, 209, 226, 303(2), 355, 356(2). Think "public servant trade, proclamation, suicide threat, petty theft, drunk, defamation".
- Counts: 358, 531, 170. BNS shrank from 511 sections, BNSS grew from 484.
- BSA 61-62-63: 61 allows, 62 says how, 63 certifies. Electronic record walks in at 61, proves its contents at 62 through 63.
Common Traps
- Calling mob lynching a seven-year minimum. The Gazette text says death or life imprisonment and fine.
- Treating snatching as an old offence. It is new. Snatching and theft are separate sections now.
- Saying sedition is "retained". Section 124A is gone. Section 152 is a different, wider provision. Read the stem: "replaced" and "removed" are different words.
- Mixing up e-FIR days. Three days is for the informant to sign an electronically given FIR. Fourteen days is for the preliminary enquiry. Ninety days is for the progress update to the victim.
- Forensic threshold. Seven years or more, not "more than seven".
Study Plan: Two Weeks to Exam Ready
This is a planning suggestion, not an official schedule.
- Days 1 to 2: the big picture, effective date, counts and the three replacement pairs. Revise the first table until you can say it in your sleep.
- Days 3 to 5: BNS new provisions (103(2), 111 to 113, 152, 304, 106(2), 69, 70, 95, 226) and community service. Write each section number with one line of text, from memory.
- Days 6 to 8: BNSS: FIR, forensic, custody, timelines, trial in absentia, section 479. Make a one-page number ladder.
- Days 9 to 10: BSA: electronic records, primary and secondary evidence, confessions to police.
- Days 11 to 14: mapping tables in both directions, timed practice, and a final check of flagged doubts against the official bare Acts.
25 Practice Questions With Answers
These are original practice questions in the style of recent exams, not actual past papers. Answers were checked against the Gazette text of the three Acts.
- Which three laws replaced the IPC, the CrPC and the Indian Evidence Act, in that order? Answer: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.
- From which date did the three new criminal laws come into force? Answer: 1 July 2024.
- How many sections does the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita contain? Answer: 358.
- How many sections do the BNSS and the BSA contain, respectively? Answer: 531 and 170.
- Under which BNS sub-section is mob lynching punished? Answer: Section 103(2). The minimum group size is five persons acting in concert.
- Which BNS section prescribes the punishment for murder? Answer: Section 103(1): death or imprisonment for life, and fine.
- Which BNS section defines organised crime? Answer: Section 111.
- What is the minimum imprisonment for petty organised crime under section 112? Answer: One year (up to seven years, with fine).
- Terrorist act is defined in which BNS section? Answer: Section 113.
- What is the maximum imprisonment for snatching under BNS section 304? Answer: Three years, with fine.
- Which BNS section covers acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, replacing the old sedition provision in substance? Answer: Section 152.
- What is the maximum imprisonment under section 106(2) for rash and negligent driving causing death where the driver escapes without reporting? Answer: Ten years, with fine.
- Which section of the BNS lists the punishments, including the new punishment of community service? Answer: Section 4 (community service is clause (f)).
- In how many offences in the BNS does community service appear as a possible punishment? Answer: Six, namely sections 202, 209, 226, 303(2), 355 and 356(2).
- A person is convicted for the first time of theft of property worth less than five thousand rupees and returns the property. What punishment does BNS section 303(2) prescribe? Answer: Community service.
- Under which BNSS section can an FIR for a cognizable offence be registered at a police station irrespective of the area where the offence occurred (commonly called Zero FIR)? Answer: Section 173.
- If information about a cognizable offence is given by electronic communication, within how many days must the informant sign for it to be taken on record? Answer: Three days.
- For which offences may the officer in charge, with prior permission of an officer not below DSP rank, hold a preliminary enquiry, and within how many days? Answer: Offences punishable with three years or more but less than seven years; within fourteen days.
- For offences punishable with what minimum term must a forensic expert visit the crime scene under BNSS section 176(3)? Answer: Seven years or more (the duty is phased in from a date notified by the State within five years).
- What is the maximum period of police custody that a Magistrate may authorise under BNSS section 187, and within what window can it be taken? Answer: Fifteen days in whole or in parts, during the initial forty or sixty days of the sixty or ninety day detention period.
- Which BNSS section provides for inquiry, trial and judgment in the absence of a proclaimed offender? Answer: Section 356 (trial cannot start until ninety days after framing of charge).
- Within how many days must the police inform the progress of investigation to the informant or victim under BNSS section 193? Answer: Ninety days.
- How must the process of search and seizure be recorded under BNSS section 105? Answer: Through audio-video electronic means, preferably a mobile phone, forwarded without delay to the District Magistrate, Sub-divisional Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class.
- Under BNSS section 479, after what portion of the maximum sentence is a first-time offender released on bond? Answer: One-third (others, one-half; not for offences punishable with death or life imprisonment).
- Which BSA section requires a certificate to be submitted with an electronic record for it to be admissible, replacing Evidence Act section 65B? Answer: Section 63.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do the new laws apply to old cases? Offences committed before 1 July 2024 are generally dealt with under the IPC, and the BNSS and BSA savings clauses keep pending proceedings under the old procedure and evidence law. For a specific case, check the savings clauses and relevant court rulings.
Are BNS, BNSS and BSA in the SSC CPO syllabus? I could not confirm that the official syllabus names them. They fall naturally under current affairs and general awareness. Check the latest notification.
Is the forensic visit compulsory everywhere now? The section says the duty applies from a date notified by the State Government within five years. The seven-year threshold is certain; the date depends on State notification, so check the State position if you are asked about a specific state.
Were any provisions amended after the laws came into force? Parliament can amend any Act, and State notifications can change phased provisions. I could not confirm every later change, so for an exam in 2026 or later check the India Code for the latest consolidated text.
What is Zero FIR in the law? The phrase is used in practice. The legal basis is section 173(1) of the BNSS, which lets information about a cognizable offence be given at any police station irrespective of the area of the offence.
Can an FIR be filed online? Yes. Section 173(1)(ii) allows electronic information, which is taken on record once the informant signs within three days.
Is community service available for all minor offences? No. It appears in six specific BNS provisions, and first and second class Magistrates can pass it within their sentencing powers (BNSS section 23).
Should I read the bare Acts? For police and SSC exams, read at least the sections named here. For judicial service and law clerk exams, full bare Act reading is part of the preparation.
Final Word
The new criminal laws reward clean, small facts: section numbers, thresholds and day-counts. Build the tables above into your daily revision, and test yourself under time pressure. Practise with full-length mocks and sectional tests on Pareeksha, so that General Awareness questions like these become quick marks rather than guesses.
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